Special Economic Zone, Carbon Emissions and the Mechanism Role of Green Technology Vertical Spillover: Evidence from Chinese Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Policy Background and Hypotheses
4. Research Design
4.1. Econometric Model
4.2. Variable Construction
- (1)
- Explained variable
- (2)
- Explanatory variable
- (3)
- Mechanism variable: green technology vertical spillover
- (4)
- Control variables
4.3. Data Description
5. Empirical Results and Analysis
5.1. Baseline Model
5.2. Mechanism Examination
5.3. Robustness Check
5.4. Endogenous Issues
5.5. Heterogeneity Analysis
5.5.1. Heterogeneity Analysis by Industry Structure
5.5.2. Heterogeneity Analysis by Green Technology Stock
5.5.3. Heterogeneity Analysis by Administration Hierarchy of SEZs
6. Discussions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Max | Min | Mean | Sd | Data Sources |
Emission | 1584 | 357.5 | 0.731 | 32.95 | 36.91 | China Energy Statistics Yearbook |
1584 | 78.60 | 0 | 5.484 | 7.294 | China Development Zone Review Announcement Catalogue (2018) | |
GS | 1584 | 607.0 | 0.000424 | 12.32 | 39.86 | MRIO table [42] |
gdp | 1584 | 50.63 | 0.618 | 5.316 | 5.078 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
structure | 1584 | 89.30 | 14.90 | 49.45 | 10.11 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
tech_exp | 1584 | 1.048 | 0.000627 | 0.0176 | 0.0433 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
open | 1584 | 1.876 | 0 | 0.283 | 0.276 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
consume | 1584 | 14.58 | 0.0481 | 1.875 | 1.697 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
population | 1584 | 26.48 | 0.0509 | 4.413 | 3.421 | China City Statistical Yearbook |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1.003 *** | −0.953 *** | −0.921 *** | −0.937 *** | −0.938 *** | −0.914 *** | −0.882 ** | |
(−2.80) | (−2.72) | (−2.70) | (−2.76) | (−2.76) | (−2.66) | (−2.52) | |
gdp | −0.302 | −0.488 * | −0.344 | −0.344 | −0.148 | −0.182 | |
(−1.17) | (−1.81) | (−1.22) | (−1.22) | (−0.45) | (−0.55) | ||
structure | 0.120 *** | 0.112 *** | 0.113 *** | 0.095 *** | 0.080 *** | ||
(4.64) | (4.35) | (4.28) | (2.99) | (2.67) | |||
tech_exp | −11.315 *** | −11.293 *** | −11.885 *** | −29.918 *** | |||
(−2.72) | (−2.71) | (−2.87) | (−3.40) | ||||
open | −0.099 | −0.192 | 0.049 | ||||
(−0.25) | (−0.50) | (0.12) | |||||
consume | −0.569 | −0.360 | |||||
(−1.32) | (−0.77) | ||||||
population | 3.608 *** | ||||||
(2.88) | |||||||
Constant | 38.447 *** | 39.778 *** | 34.662 *** | 34.566 *** | 34.572 *** | 35.387 *** | 20.049 *** |
(19.51) | (16.12) | (15.14) | (15.12) | (15.08) | (14.84) | (3.05) | |
Obs | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 |
N | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Adj− | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.996 |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
D | −175.390 ** | −152.985 ** | |
(−2.50) | (−2.11) | ||
−129.875 | |||
(−1.10) | |||
−132.027 | |||
(−1.03) | |||
−248.595 ** | |||
(−2.22) | |||
−172.852 * | |||
(−1.69) | |||
−154.308 * | |||
(−1.85) | |||
Constant | 8387.736 *** | 12,356.931 *** | 8545.559 *** |
(239.20) | (8.81) | (168.09) | |
Obs | 1566 | 1566 | 522 |
N | 261 | 261 | 261 |
Adj− | 0.987 | 0.988 | 0.0256 |
Control | NO | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | GS | GS | Emission | Emission |
5.083 *** | 3.459 *** | −0.751 *** | −0.718 ** | |
(3.82) | (3.04) | (−2.62) | (−2.53) | |
GS | −0.049 *** | −0.056 *** | ||
(−4.31) | (−3.55) | |||
Constant | −15.555 ** | −37.213 *** | 37.678 *** | 16.731 ** |
(−2.13) | (−3.64) | (22.90) | (2.57) | |
Obs | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 |
N | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Adj- | 0.903 | 0.930 | 0.996 | 0.996 |
Control | NO | YES | NO | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
(1) Exclude the Sample of Cities without New Zones | (3) Change the Indicator for GS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Emission | GS | Emission | Emission | GS | Emission | Emission | GS | Emission |
−1.003 *** | 4.007 *** | −0.767 *** | −0.886 ** | 3.458 *** | −0.721 ** | −0.882 ** | 1.961 ** | −0.768 *** | |
(−2.72) | (3.57) | (−2.86) | (−2.53) | (3.02) | (−2.54) | (−2.52) | (2.35) | (−2.59) | |
GS | −0.066 *** | −0.057 *** | −0.068 *** | ||||||
(−2.75) | (−3.56) | (−3.19) | |||||||
Constant | 20.961 *** | −35.458 *** | 17.682 ** | 16.196 ** | −22.425 ** | 13.559 ** | 20.049 *** | −33.162 *** | 17.043 *** |
(2.92) | (−3.50) | (2.50) | (2.56) | (−2.47) | (2.13) | (3.05) | (−4.51) | (2.63) | |
Obs | 1182 | 1182 | 1182 | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 | 1584 | 1584 | 1584 |
N | 197 | 197 | 197 | 261 | 261 | 261 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Adj- | 0.997 | 0.935 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.930 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.917 | 0.996 |
Control | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Stage | First Stage | Second Stage | Second Stage | Second Stage | |
Variables | GS | Emission | GS | Emission | |
I_rdls × 2011 | −0.005 *** | ||||
(−6.03) | |||||
I_rdls × 2012 | −0.003 *** | ||||
(−3.63) | |||||
I_rdls × 2013 | −0.001 | ||||
(−1.00) | |||||
I_rdls × 2014 | −0.001 | ||||
(−1.41) | |||||
I_rdls × 2015 | −0.001 | ||||
(−0.67) | |||||
1.022 *** | |||||
(162.35) | |||||
−5.181 *** | 11.168 ** | −4.539 *** | |||
(−4.22) | (2.56) | (−3.77) | |||
−0.055 *** | |||||
(−5.09) | |||||
Obs | 1584 | 1320 | 1320 | 1320 | 1320 |
N | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
F-statistics | 10.18 | 5348.76 | |||
Control | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-Ratio Group | High-Ratio Group | |||||
Variables | Emission | GS | Emission | Emission | GS | Emission |
−0.035 | 0.515 ** | 0.058 | −1.323 *** | 4.404 *** | −1.144 *** | |
(−0.36) | (2.54) | (0.45) | (−2.80) | (2.89) | (−2.79) | |
−0.209 * | −0.044 *** | |||||
(−1.93) | (−3.42) | |||||
Constant | −1.194 | −4.408 * | −3.353 | 34.007 *** | −57.654 *** | 30.715 *** |
(−0.12) | (−1.70) | (−0.32) | (4.90) | (−2.73) | (4.44) | |
Obs | 780 | 780 | 780 | 765 | 765 | 765 |
N | 169 | 169 | 169 | 174 | 174 | 174 |
Adj- | 0.995 | 0.899 | 0.995 | 0.996 | 0.931 | 0.997 |
Control | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Green Technology Stock Group | High Green Technology Stock Group | |||||
Variables | Emission | GS | Emission | Emission | GS | Emission |
−0.127 | 0.694 *** | −0.025 | −1.187 *** | 3.812 *** | −1.038 *** | |
(−1.10) | (2.79) | (−0.20) | (−2.77) | (2.72) | (−2.82) | |
−0.159 *** | −0.043 *** | |||||
(−2.59) | (−3.35) | |||||
Constant | −15.281 | −3.261 | −16.967 * | 46.813 *** | −69.387 *** | 43.287 *** |
(−1.49) | (−1.36) | (−1.66) | (7.63) | (−3.35) | (7.36) | |
Obs | 860 | 860 | 860 | 715 | 715 | 715 |
N | 167 | 167 | 167 | 147 | 147 | 147 |
Adj- | 0.994 | 0.771 | 0.994 | 0.997 | 0.932 | 0.997 |
Control | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Zones | Provincial Zones | |||||
Variables | Emission | GS | Emission | Emission | GS | Emission |
−1.904 *** | 7.057 *** | −1.589 *** | −0.360 | 1.723 | −0.282 | |
(−2.85) | (4.19) | (−2.73) | (−1.01) | (1.24) | (−0.94) | |
−0.051 *** | −0.063 *** | |||||
(−3.77) | (−3.19) | |||||
Constant | 18.242 *** | −30.601 *** | 15.529 ** | 16.903 *** | −24.024 ** | 13.789 ** |
(2.84) | (−3.45) | (2.39) | (2.60) | (−2.33) | (2.13) | |
Obs | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 |
N | 261 | 261 | 261 | 261 | 261 | 261 |
Adj- | 0.996 | 0.932 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.927 | 0.996 |
Control | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
City FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
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Chen, J.; Long, X.; Lin, S. Special Economic Zone, Carbon Emissions and the Mechanism Role of Green Technology Vertical Spillover: Evidence from Chinese Cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811535
Chen J, Long X, Lin S. Special Economic Zone, Carbon Emissions and the Mechanism Role of Green Technology Vertical Spillover: Evidence from Chinese Cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811535
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Jieping, Xianpeng Long, and Shanlang Lin. 2022. "Special Economic Zone, Carbon Emissions and the Mechanism Role of Green Technology Vertical Spillover: Evidence from Chinese Cities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811535