Associations between Self-Rated Health and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Latina Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Self-Rated Health (Predictor Variable)
2.2.3. Life Stressors as Covariate
2.3. Outcome Variables
2.3.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.3.2. Anxiety Symptoms
2.4. Statistical Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Associations between Changes in SRH and Depressive Symptoms
3.3. Associations between Changes in SRH and Anxiety Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N = 153 | |
---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (±SD) | 26.88 | 5.41 |
Education Level, n (%) | ||
H.S. or less | 138 | 90.2 |
College or more | 16 | 9.8 |
Family Income, n (%) | ||
Less than USD 10,000 | 22 | 14.4 |
USD 10,001–20,000 | 60 | 39.2 |
USD 20,001–30,000 | 43 | 28.1 |
USD 30,001 | 28 | 18.3 |
Number of life stressors, mean (±SD) | 2.41 | 1.78 |
Self-rated health (before pregnancy), n (%) | ||
Excellent | 31 | 20.3 |
Very good | 25 | 16.3 |
Good | 71 | 46.4 |
Fair | 24 | 15.7 |
Poor | 2 | 1.3 |
Self-rated health (since pregnancy), n (%) | ||
Excellent | 18 | 11.8 |
Very good | 20 | 13.1 |
Good | 82 | 53.6 |
Fair | 30 | 19.6 |
Poor | 3 | 2.0 |
Change in self-rated health, n (%) | ||
Consistently low a | 12 | 7.8 |
Decline b | 21 | 13.7 |
Good+ c | 120 | 78.4 |
Prenatal | Postpartum | z-Score | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | |||
EPDS a | 7.00 | 6.71 | 4.64 | 4.50 | 5.58 | 4.74 | −3.325 | 0.001 |
STAI b | 36.00 | 35.91 | 9.21 | 30.00 | 32.49 | 8.80 | −5.215 | <0.001 |
Median | ||||||||
Pre-pregnancy c-Pregnancy d | 3.00 | −3.125 | 0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | |
SRH | |||||||||
Consistently low | 4.10 | 0.46–8.16 | 0.031 | 4.01 | −0.080–8.11 | 0.052 | 4.06 | 0.08–7.51 | 0.030 |
Decline | 2.31 | 0.15–4.50 | 0.035 | 2.45 | 0.46–4.80 | 0.025 | 2.07 | −0.25–4.31 | 0.078 |
Good+ | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Education level | |||||||||
H.S. or less | - | - | −1.94 | −4.03–0.40 | 0.085 | −1.59 | −3.73–0.75 | 0.176 | |
College and more | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Family income | - | ||||||||
Less than USD 10,000 | - | - | - | 1.00 | −1.54–3.84 | 0.466 | 0.76 | −1.67–3.21 | 0.558 |
USD 10,001–20,000 | - | - | - | −0.17 | −2.18–1.59 | 0.845 | −0.03 | −1.66–1.64 | 0.969 |
USD 20,001–30,000 | - | - | - | −0.40 | −2.39–1.32 | 0.642 | −0.02 | −1.74–1.70 | 0.988 |
USD 30,001 | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Age, years | - | - | - | 0.02 | −0.12–0.16 | 0.790 | 0.03 | −0.09–0.16 | 0.587 |
Number of stressors | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.69 | 0.32–1.08 | 0.002 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | |
SRH | ||||||||||||
Consistently low | 3.87 | 0.06–7.83 | 0.047 | 1.49 | −1.07–0.06 | 0.222 | 1.40 | −1.06–4.02 | 0.267 | 1.52 | −0.76–4.13 | 0.230 |
Decline | −0.26 | −2.19–1.83 | 0.777 | −1.79 | −3.54–0.01 | 0.045 | −1.74 | −3.75–0.12 | 0.060 | −1.84 | −3.67–0.12 | 0.061 |
Good+ | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Prenatal depressive symptoms | 0.67 | 0.51–0.80 | 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.50–0.80 | 0.001 | 0.62 | 0.46–0.12 | 0.001 | |||
Education level | ||||||||||||
H.S. or less | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.11 | −2.66–2.15 | 0.929 | −0.01 | −2.36–2.30 | 0.998 |
College and more | - | - | - | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Family income | ||||||||||||
Less than USD 10,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −1.22 | −3.33–0.85 | 0.286 | −1.29 | −3.59–0.92 | 0.245 |
USD 10,001–20,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.63 | −2.65–1.18 | 0.523 | −0.54 | −2.42–1.30 | 0.559 |
USD 20,001–30,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −1.58 | −3.39–0.22 | 0.093 | −1.43 | −3.32–0.49 | 0.129 |
USD 30,001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Age, years | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | −0.09–0.14 | 0.649 | 0.03 | −0.08–0.15 | 0.542 |
Number of stressors | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.30 | −0.03–0.68 | 0.094 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | |
SRH | |||||||||
Consistently low | 6.43 | −0.07–2.72 | 0.036 | 6.03 | −1.14–12.60 | 0.078 | 6.10 | −0.006–12.76 | 0.055 |
Decline | 7.29 | 2.98–12.14 | 0.004 | 7.49 | 3.237–12.62 | 0.004 | 6.99 | 2.37–11.88 | 0.005 |
Good+ | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Education level | |||||||||
H.S. or less | - | - | - | −2.43 | −6.77–2.11 | 0.309 | −1.97 | −6.58–2.53 | 0.373 |
College and more | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Family income | - | ||||||||
Less than USD 10,000 | - | - | - | 1.98 | −2.95–7.11 | 0.401 | 1.67 | −3.11–6.17 | 0.478 |
USD 10,001–20,000 | - | - | - | −0.84 | −4.80–3.33 | 0.685 | −0.66 | −4.52–3.06 | 0.743 |
USD 20,001–30,000 | - | - | - | −2.04 | −5.39–1.58 | 0.263 | −1.53 | −4.98–1.95 | 0.391 |
USD 30,001 | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Age, years | - | - | - | −0.03 | −0.33–0.25 | 0.841 | −0.01 | −0.28–0.27 | 0.939 |
Number of stressors | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.89 | 0.19–1.65 | 0.010 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | |
SRH | ||||||||||||
Consistently low | 7.03 | 0.94–14.31 | 0.040 | 3.15 | −1.36–8.44 | 0.192 | 2.65 | −1.40–7.46 | 0.258 | 2.76 | −1.29–7.25 | 0.213 |
Decline | 1.19 | −2.90–6.13 | 0.583 | −3.35 | −6.42–0.21 | 0.030 | −3.27 | −6.63–0.01 | 0.055 | −3.44 | −6.62–0.14 | 0.042 |
Good+ | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Prenatal anxiety symptoms | 0.63 | 0.50–0.77 | 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.50–0.77 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.48–0.76 | 0.001 | |||
Education level | ||||||||||||
H.S. or less | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.42 | −5.05–3.65 | 0.853 | −0.20 | −5.06–4.15 | 0.922 |
College and more | - | - | - | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Family income | - | |||||||||||
Less than USD 10,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −1.88 | −5.90–1.92 | 0.361 | −2.03 | −6.33–1.69 | 0.342 |
USD 10,001–20,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.06 | −3.47–3.24 | 0.973 | 0.20 | −3.57–3.34 | 0.930 |
USD 20,001–30,000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | −2.17 | −5.74–1.45 | 0.218 | −1.94 | −5.66–1.29 | 0.289 |
USD 30,001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Age, years | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.14 | −0.07–0.32 | 0.171 | 0.15 | −0.06–0.35 | 0.148 |
Number of stressors | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.47 | −0.14–1.16 | 0.158 |
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Juarez Padilla, J.; Singleton, C.R.; Pedersen, C.A.; Lara-Cinisomo, S. Associations between Self-Rated Health and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Latina Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911978
Juarez Padilla J, Singleton CR, Pedersen CA, Lara-Cinisomo S. Associations between Self-Rated Health and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Latina Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911978
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuarez Padilla, Janeth, Chelsea R. Singleton, Cort A. Pedersen, and Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo. 2022. "Associations between Self-Rated Health and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Latina Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911978