Former Incarceration, Time Served, and Perceived Oral Health among African American Women and Men
Abstract
:1. Background and Theory
1.1. Mass Incarceration and Health Disparities
1.2. Incarcerated Populations and Oral Health
1.3. Predictors of Post-Release Oral Health
2. Summary and Hypotheses
2.1. Data and Methods
2.1.1. Data
2.1.2. Dependent Variable
2.1.3. Independent Variables
2.1.4. Covariates
2.1.5. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Incarceration, Duration, and Dental Health
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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African American Women | African American Men | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean/% | SD | Mean/% | SD |
Oral Health Status | ||||
Self-rated oral health * (range 1–5, 5 = excellent) | 3.08 | (1.21) | 3.18 | (0.98) |
Incarceration Experience | ||||
Formerly incarcerated * | 6.33% | — | 21.05% | — |
Years spent incarcerated * a (range 0–30.34) | 1.81 | (3.50) | 2.35 | (4.11) |
Covariates | ||||
Age (in years; range 18–93) | 42.64 | (17.52) | 41.58 | (14.12) |
Education (in years; range 4–17) | 12.48 | (2.59) | 12.50 | (2.21) |
Employed (yes = 1) * | 63.68% | — | 72.67% | — |
No insurance (yes = 1) | 20.02% | — | 23.01% | — |
Federal program insurance * (yes = 1) | 26.20% | — | 15.18% | — |
Employee sponsored insurance * (yes = 1) | 52.78% | — | 61.81% | — |
Married/cohabiting (yes = 1) * | 35.88% | — | 50.30% | — |
Formerly married * (yes = 1) | 32.25 % | — | 19.14% | — |
Never married (yes = 1) | 31.86% | — | 30.56% | — |
Sample size | 2144 | 1166 |
Self-Rated Oral Health (Range 1–5, 5 = Excellent) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
African American Women | African American Men | |||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
Variables | OR | SE | OR | SE | OR | SE | OR | SE |
Incarceration Experience | ||||||||
Formerly incarcerated (yes = 1) | 0.65 ** | (0.10) | — | — | 0.74 * | (0.09) | — | — |
Years spent Incarcerated | — | — | 0.93 | (0.09) | — | — | 1.16 ** | (0.06) |
Years spent Incarcerated | — | — | 1.00 | (0.00) | — | — | 0.99 * | (0.00) |
Covariates | ||||||||
Age (in years) | 0.98 *** | (0.01) | 0.94 * | (0.02) | 0.98 *** | (0.01) | 0.98 | (0.01) |
Education (in years) | 1.09 *** | (0.02) | 1.12 * | (0.02) | 1.09 ** | (0.04) | 1.21 * | (0.10) |
Employed (yes = 1) | 1.01 | (0.14) | 0.93 | (0.57) | 1.53 * | (0.25) | 2.28 * | (0.85) |
Federal program Insurance (ref = no insurance) | 0.79 | (0.10) | 0.83 | (0.51) | 0.97 | (0.18) | 1.22 | (0.45) |
Employee sponsored insurance (ref = no insurance) | 1.32 * | (0.14) | 1.43 | (0.74) | 1.05 | (0.17) | 1.28 | (0.44) |
Formerly married (ref = married/cohabiting) | 0.81 * | (0.08) | 1.13 | (0.52) | 0.78 | (0.12) | 0.52 * | (0.17) |
Never married (ref = married/cohabiting) | 1.13 | (0.12) | 1.59 | (0.57) | 1.13 | (0.16) | 1.46 | (0.42) |
Sample size | 2144 | 127 | 1166 | 252 | ||||
BIC | 4396.310 | 318.592 | 3333.870 | 773.058 | ||||
McFadden Pseudo R2 | 0.031 | 0.080 | 0.031 | 0.060 |
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Talbert, R.D.; Macy, E.D. Former Incarceration, Time Served, and Perceived Oral Health among African American Women and Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912906
Talbert RD, Macy ED. Former Incarceration, Time Served, and Perceived Oral Health among African American Women and Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912906
Chicago/Turabian StyleTalbert, Ryan D., and Emma D. Macy. 2022. "Former Incarceration, Time Served, and Perceived Oral Health among African American Women and Men" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912906