Mental Well-Being: 2010–2018 Trends among Italian Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Concept of Health as Well-Being
1.2. Mental Health during Adolescence: Theorization and Consequences
1.3. Trends and Determinants
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measures
- Life Satisfaction (LS) was assessed with the Cantril ladder [35], a reliable instrument for subjective well-being among adolescents [36]. Participants were asked to rate their life satisfaction using a visual analogue scale (range 0–10): higher the score, greater the feeling of life satisfaction. Respondents were asked to indicate the ladder step at which they would place their lives at present. The findings presented here were categorized as low (0–8)/high LS (≥9) [37].
- Psychosomatic Health Complaints (HC) were evaluated through the HBSC Symptom Checklist (HBSC-SCL), a non-clinical measure consisting of eight items (headache, stomachache, backache, feeling low, irritability or bad-tempered, feeling nervous, sleeping difficulties, and dizziness). Adolescents indicated how often they had experienced each complaint over the last six months. Response options for each symptom ranged from about every day to rarely or never. According to the binary cut-off used in the international report [15], findings presented here were categorized as participants with multiple (two or more) health complaints more than once a week/other (reference category). This instrument has adequate test-retest reliability and psychometric properties [38,39] and is commonly used to assess adolescent mental well-being [40]. HBSC-SCL can be thought of as constituting two dimensions: somatic (SOM-HC) (i.e., headache, stomachache, backache, and dizziness) and psychological complaints (PSY-HC) (i.e., feeling low, irritability, feeling nervous, and sleeping difficulties) [41]. SOM-HC and PSY-HC were dichotomized as participants perceiving multiple (two or more) complaints more than once a week/other (reference category).
2.3. Explanatory Variables
- Gender and age. Participants were asked to indicate whether they were a boy or a girl, as well as their month and year of birth.
- Geographic area. The geographic area is derived from the school address and classified into Northern, Central, and Southern Italy [42].
- Socioeconomic Status (SES) was measured according to the family affluence scale (FAS), which has been recognized as a reliable indicator of family wealth [43]. The scale consisted of four items: family car ownership, whether adolescents have their own bedroom, number of holidays trips taken in the last year, and number of computers owned by the family. The obtained score (0–7) was categorized on a 3-point ordinal scale: low (0–3), medium (4–5), and high (≥6) SES.
- Schoolwork Pressure. Adolescents responded to the question, “How pressured do you feel by the schoolwork you have to do?”. The response options available were “not at all” (1), “a little” (2), “some’’ (3), and “a lot” (4). The responses were re-coded into high (3–4) and low (1–2) pressure, as classified by the international HBSC report [15].
- Classmate Support was measured by three items: (1) “The students in my class enjoy being together”, (2) “Most of the students in my class are kind and helpful”, and (3) “Other students accept me as I am”. Response categories for all the above items ranged from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). Original codes were reversed: strongly disagree (0) to strongly agree (4), and a sum-score was generated for each domain (range 0–12) and then divided by three. The resulting average score was categorized as low (<2.5) or high (≥2.5) classmate support [44].
- Family Support was assessed by two items. Young people were asked how easy it is for them to talk to their mother or father about things that really bother them. Response options ranged from very easy to very difficult. In this study, we dichotomized finding as easy or very easy/difficult or very difficult. Communication in the family is an indicator of social support and of the family’s connectedness [45,46,47].
- Immigration background was defined by the country of birth of the adolescents and their parents. If at least one parent was born abroad, adolescents were classified as having an immigrant status [45].
- Family structure was determined by asking adolescents to identify the people who live, most of the time, in the same house with them. Adolescents were then classified as “living with both biological parents” (traditional family) or “living with other adults” (non-traditional family) [48].
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Trend in Well-being Measures (LS, HC, PSY-HC and SOM-HC): Gender and Age Disparities
3.2. Social Determinants of Well-Being
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
AIC | BIC | df | |
---|---|---|---|
Continuous (SEM) | |||
single factor | 4,101,076 | 4,101,316 | 24 |
double factor | 4,057,805 | 4,058,056 | 25 |
Dichotomized (GSEM) | |||
single factor | 1,171,920 | 1,172,160 | 24 |
double factor | 1,141,340 | 1,141,591 | 25 |
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2014 | 2018 | Overall | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | Overall | |
LS | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
11 years | 47.8 | 40.9 | 43.0 | 44.0 | 49.5 | 42.3 | 44.2 | 45.3 |
13 years | 34.4 | 29.5 | 31.4 | 31.8 | 29.6 | 22.5 | 25.7 | 26.0 |
15 years | 24.1 | 18.8 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 16.5 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 14.2 |
HC | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
11 years | 41.7 | 36 | 42.9 | 40.4 | 48.4 | 46.4 | 50.7 | 48.6 |
13 years | 36.5 | 35.3 | 41.5 | 38.0 | 55.9 | 61.3 | 64.3 | 60.6 |
15 years | 38.2 | 39.4 | 44.2 | 40.7 | 63.5 | 69.9 | 72.9 | 68.7 |
PSY-HC | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
11 years | 26.7 | 25.4 | 31.5 | 28.0 | 28.6 | 30.5 | 37.6 | 32.5 |
13 years | 25.6 | 26.1 | 32.1 | 28.2 | 40.8 | 49.9 | 54.1 | 48.4 |
15 years | 29.6 | 30.5 | 35.9 | 32.1 | 49.1 | 60.1 | 63.3 | 57.3 |
SOM-HC | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
11 years | 16.9 | 12.3 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 23.6 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 23.0 |
13 years | 12.1 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 23.1 | 27.5 | 28.2 | 26.3 |
15 years | 11.5 | 11.2 | 13.6 | 12.1 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 32.1 | 30.3 |
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 Years | 13 Years | 15 Years | 11 Years | 13 Years | 15 Years | |
Feelinglow | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.99 (0.88–1.13) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) |
Irritability | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | 1.32 (1.19–1.48) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 1.27 (1.14–1.40) | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | 1.62 (1.41–1.85) | 1.68 (1.53–1.85) |
Feelingnervous | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.81 (0.80–1.03) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.34 (1.20–1.51) | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | 1.51 (1.33–1.72) | 1.46 (1.31–1.61) |
Sleepingdifficulty | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.09 (1.07–1.10) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.27 (1.07–1.49) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 1.37 (1.17–1.60) | 1.32 (1.17–1.48) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) | 1.79 (1.56–2.07) | 1.37 (1.10–1.71) | 1.91 (1.65–2.21) | 1.75 (1.58–1.94) |
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 Years | 13 Years | 15 Years | 11 Years | 13 Years | 15 Years | |
LS | ||||||
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.84 (0.74–0.94) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.75 (0.65–0.88) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.97 (0.77–0.99) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
FAS | ||||||
Middle vs. low | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | 1.42 (1.12–1.79) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.45 (1.24–1.69) | 1.27 (1.04–1.56) |
High vs. low | 1.48 (1.31–1.68) | 1.46 (1.23–1.74) | 1.85 (1.49–2.30) | 1.33 (1.16–1.52) | 1.73 (1.48–2.03) | 1.55 (1.26–1.90) |
High school work pressure | 0.60 (0.55–0.66) | 0.71 (0.65–0.79) | 0.74 (1.67–0.82) | 0.64 (0.58–0.70) | 0.62 (0.56–0.70) | 0.63 (0.55–0.72) |
Nontraditional family structure | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | 0.89 (0.7–1.08) | 0.68 (0.58–0.81) | 0.60 (0.49–0.71) | 0.84 (0.63–1.11) |
Good mother support | 1.35 (1.14–1.60) | 1.59 (1.37–1.84) | 1.82 (1.53–2.16) | 1.71 (1.45–2.00) | 2.22 (1.79–2.76) | 2.21 (1.90–2.58) |
Good father support | 1.58 (1.34–1.86) | 1.86 (1.66–2.08) | 1.83 (1.59–2.10) | 2.09 (1.89–2.30) | 2.08 (1.87–2.30) | 1.97 (1.72–2.25) |
Good classmate support | 2.06 (1.75–2.44) | 1.89 (1.66–2.14) | 1.82 (1.57–2.11) | 2.11 (1.85–2.40) | 1.82 (1.62–2.06) | 1.65 (1.41–1.93) |
Geographic area | ||||||
Centre vs. northern | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 0.93 (0.79–1.08) |
Southern vs. northern | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | 1.46 (1.23–1.74) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) |
Immigration background | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 1.01 (0.83–1.24) |
HC | ||||||
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.17 (1.02–1.33) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) |
FAS | ||||||
Middle vs. low | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.88 (0.77–0.99) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) |
High vs. low | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 0.84 (0.73–0.95) | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) |
High school work pressure | 2.50 (2.29–2.74) | 2.15 (1.95–2.37) | 2.21 (2.03–2.41) | 2.64 (2.40–2.90) | 2.55 (2.32–2.80) | 2.22 (2.00–2.47) |
Nontraditional family structure | 1.29 (1.12–1.49) | 1.37 (1.19–1.58) | 1.23 (1.06–1.44) | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44) | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) |
Good mother support | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.67 (0.59–0.76) | 0.69 (0.57–0.79) | 0.56 (0.45–0.70) | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) |
Good father support | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | 0.62 (0.54–0.72) | 0.59 (0.54–0.66) | 0.56 (0.51–0.61) | 0.49 (0.44–0.55) | 0.66 (0.59–0.73) |
Good classmate support | 0.49 (0.43–0.55) | 0.50 (0.45–0.55) | 0.51 (0.46–0.56) | 0.54 (0.46–0.63) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) | 0.64 (0.57–0.73) |
Geographic area | ||||||
Centre vs. northern | 1.24 (1.11–1.40) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.36 (1.22–1.53) |
Southern vs. northern | 1.35 (1.22–1.49) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) | 1.53 (1.36–1.72) | 1.59 (1.44–1.76) | 1.63 (1.44–1.85) |
Immigration background | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) |
SOM-HC | ||||||
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | 1.20 (1.03–1.39) |
FAS | ||||||
Middle vs. low | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.98 (0.83–1.18) | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 0.84 (0.74–0.97) | 0.95 (0.92–1.10) | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) |
High vs. low | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.69 (0.56–0.84) | 0.86 (0.75–1.00) | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) |
High school work pressure | 1.91 (1.65–2.21) | 1.92 (1.63–2.27) | 1.74 (1.53–1.99) | 1.89 (1.69–2.11) | 1.87 (1.68–2.09) | 1.79 (1.61–2.00) |
Nontraditional family structure | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) | 1.31 (1.10–1.57) | 1.30 (1.09–1.55) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) |
Good mother support | 0.79 (0.66–0.96) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.75 (0.65–0.87) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) |
Good father support | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | 0.73 (0.63–0.86) | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | 0.69 (0.63–0.77) | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) |
Good classmate support | 0.74 (0.64–0.87) | 0.66 (0.56–0.77) | 0.63 (0.53–0.73) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.72 (0.64–0.81) | 0.78 (0.70–0.86) |
Geographic area | ||||||
Centre vs. northern | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.08 (0.93–1.29) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 1.30 (1.15–1.46) |
Southern vs. northern | 1.63 (1.42–1.88) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | 1.22 (1.02–1.47) | 1.65 (1.46–1.87) | 1.53 (1.38–1.69) | 1.41 (1.24–1.59) |
Immigration background | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 1.10 (0.94–1.27) |
PSY-HC | ||||||
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) | 1.48 (1.32–1.65) | 1.56 (1.42–1.72) |
FAS | ||||||
Middle vs. low | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) |
High vs. low | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) |
High school work pressure | 2.54 (2.30–2.81) | 2.15 (1.95–2.38) | 2.20 (2.01–2.42) | 2.67 (2.60–2.97) | 2.49 (2.26–2.74) | 2.29 (2.04–2.57) |
Nontraditional family structure | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 1.28 (1.11–1.48) | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 1.30 (1.11–1.51) |
Good mother support | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.73 (0.63–0.84) | 0.59 (0.52–0.67) | 0.60 (0.52–0.70) | 0.51 (0.43–0.61) | 0.55 (0.59–0.63) |
Good father support | 0.59 (0.51–0.67) | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) | 0.58 (0.51–0.65) | 0.53 (0.48–0.58) | 0.53 (0.48–0.59) | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) |
Good classmate support | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.45 (0.40–0.51) | 0.48 (0.43–0.53) | 0.51 (0.45–0.58) | 0.57 (0.51–0.63) | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) |
Geographic area | ||||||
Centre vs. northern | 1.20 (1.06–1.34) | 1.10 (0.96–1.24)) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) |
Southern vs. northern | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 1.40 (1.26–1.57) | 1.61 (1.44–1.79) |
Immigration background | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | 0.94 (0.81--1.08) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) |
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2010 (n = 58,928) | 2014 (n = 47,799) | 2018 (n = 58,976) | Overall (n = 165,703) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 50.1 | 50.5 | 50.7 | 50.4 |
Age | ||||
11 years | 35.7 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 36.2 |
13 years | 34.5 | 35.2 | 36.0 | 35.3 |
15 years | 29.8 | 28.4 | 27.5 | 28.5 |
FAS | ||||
Low | 13.3 | 24.7 | 22.3 | 20.0 |
Medium | 43.9 | 51.7 | 51.0 | 48.9 |
High | 42.9 | 23.6 | 26.7 | 31.1 |
Geographic area | ||||
Northern | 34.1 | 41.4 | 45.6 | 40.5 |
Centre | 17.5 | 16.4 | 17.6 | 17.2 |
Southern | 48.4 | 42.2 | 36.8 | 42.3 |
Immigration background | 10.6 | 14.1 | 13.2 | 12.6 |
High school work pressure | 41.8 | 51.3 | 54.9 | 49.4 |
Good classmate support | 81.0 | 74.9 | 75.7 | 77.2 |
Nontraditional family structure | 14.7 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 16.2 |
Good mother support | 81.4 | 81.2 | 80.0 | 80.8 |
Good father support | 61.1 | 66.1 | 63.9 | 63.7 |
LS | 34.4 | 28.7 | 30.9 | 31.4 |
HC | 47.3 | 47.5 | 52.2 | 49.1 |
PSY-HC | 33.2 | 36.4 | 41.7 | 37.3 |
SOM-HC | 19.1 | 19.3 | 20.7 | 19.7 |
Health complaints (more than once a week) | ||||
Headache | 26.1 | 24.4 | 24.7 | 25.1 |
Stomachache | 15.3 | 14.2 | 16.0 | 15.2 |
Backache | 14.0 | 16.1 | 17.1 | 15.7 |
Dizziness | 13.8 | 15.5 | 16.4 | 15.2 |
Feeling low | 31.7 | 34.1 | 34.0 | 33.3 |
Irritability | 27.1 | 30.2 | 35.1 | 30.9 |
Feeling nervous | 34.5 | 36.1 | 42.6 | 37.9 |
Sleeping difficulty | 16.5 | 19.5 | 25.3 | 20.6 |
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 years | 13 years | 15 years | 11 years | 13 years | 15 years | |
LS | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.84 (0.74–0.94) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.75 (0.65–0.88) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.97 (0.77–0.99) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
HC | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.17 (1.02–1.33) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) |
SOM-HC | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | 1.20 (1.03–1.39) |
PSY-HC | ||||||
Overall trend from 2010 to 2018 (per year) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
Survey | ||||||
2014 vs. 2010 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) |
2018 vs. 2010 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) | 1.48 (1.32–1.65) | 1.56 (1.42–1.72) |
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Bersia, M.; Berchialla, P.; Charrier, L.; Lemma, P.; Borraccino, A.; Nardone, P.; Pierannunzio, D.; Ciardullo, S.; Comoretto, R.I.; Dalmasso, P. Mental Well-Being: 2010–2018 Trends among Italian Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020863
Bersia M, Berchialla P, Charrier L, Lemma P, Borraccino A, Nardone P, Pierannunzio D, Ciardullo S, Comoretto RI, Dalmasso P. Mental Well-Being: 2010–2018 Trends among Italian Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020863
Chicago/Turabian StyleBersia, Michela, Paola Berchialla, Lorena Charrier, Patrizia Lemma, Alberto Borraccino, Paola Nardone, Daniela Pierannunzio, Silvia Ciardullo, Rosanna Irene Comoretto, and Paola Dalmasso. 2022. "Mental Well-Being: 2010–2018 Trends among Italian Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020863