Effects of Parental Migration on Dental Caries of Six- to Eight-Year-Old Children Using Structural Equation Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Sampling Technique
2.3. Sample Sizes
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.6.1. Data Management
2.6.2. Descriptive and Univariate Statistics
2.6.3. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
2.7. Ethics Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | LBC | NLBC | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 259 (51.8) | 241 (48.2) | ||
Parental migration durations | <0.001 | |||
No | - | 191 (79.3) | ||
<6 months | - | 50 (20.7) | ||
6–<12 months | 87 (33.6) | - | ||
≥12 months | 172 (66.4) | - | ||
Parental presence | <0.001 | |||
Both parents | 0 (0.0) | 191 (79.3) | ||
Mother | 121 (46.7) | 32 (13.3) | ||
Father | 18 (6.9) | 1 (0.4) | ||
Grandparents | 97 (37.5) | 17 (7.1) | ||
Others | 23 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Age of children | 0.40 | |||
6 | 91 (35.1) | 83 (34.4) | ||
7 | 132 (51.0) | 114 (47.3) | ||
8 | 36 (13.9) | 44 (18.3) | ||
Sex of children | 0.19 | |||
Female | 118 (45.6) | 124 (51.5) | ||
Male | 141 (54.4) | 117 (48.5) | ||
Age of caregivers | <0.001 | |||
11–29 | 31 (12.0) | 39 (16.2) | ||
30–49 | 118 (45.6) | 162 (67.2) | ||
50–85 | 84 (32.4) | 25 (10.4) | ||
Sex of caregivers | 0.79 | |||
Female | 194 (74.9) | 178 (73.9) | ||
Male | 65 (25.1) | 63 (26.1) | ||
Education level of caregivers | <0.001 | |||
University | 2 (0.8) | 10 (4.1) | ||
High school | 19 (7.3) | 40 (16.6) | ||
Junior high school | 92 (35.5) | 85 (35.3) | ||
Primary school | 95 (36.7) | 84 (34.9) | ||
No formal schooling | 51 (19.7) | 22 (9.1) | ||
Occupations of caregivers | 0.03 | |||
Officials | 1 (0.4) | 8 (3.3) | ||
Business owners | 37 (14.3) | 49 (20.3) | ||
Farmers | 95 (36.7) | 81 (33.6) | ||
Stay-at-home | 119 (45.9) | 99 (41.1) | ||
Others | 7 (2.7) | 4 (1.7) |
Variables | Parental Migration Durations (Months) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | <6 | 6–<12 | ≥12 | |||
(n = 191) | (n = 50) | (n = 87) | (n = 172) | |||
Frequency of sugar consumption in children | 0.44 | |||||
Few/never | 83 (44.6) | 23 (46.0) | 34 (40.0) | 63 (36.8) | ||
Once a day | 36 (19.4) | 7 (14.0) | 23 (27.1) | 42 (24.6) | ||
Twice or more | 67 (36.0) | 20 (40.0) | 28 (32.9) | 66 (38.6) | ||
Frequency of brushing in children | 0.02 | |||||
Twice or more | 58 (31.4) | 19 (38.0) | 15 (17.2) | 59 (34.5) | ||
Less than twice | 127 (68.6) | 31 (62.0) | 72 (82.8) | 112 (65.5) | ||
Fluoride toothpaste used by children | 0.05 | |||||
Yes | 88 (51.5) | 17 (38.6) | 29 (41.4) | 80 (54.4) | ||
No * | 48 (28.1) | 11 (25.0) | 15 (21.4) | 37 (25.2) | ||
Don’t know | 35 (20.5) | 16 (36.4) | 26 (37.1) | 30 (20.4) | ||
Dental attendance of children in the past year | 0.27 | |||||
Yes ** | 119 (62.3) | 25 (50.0) | 47 (54.0) | 94 (54.7) | ||
No | 72 (37.7) | 25 (50.0) | 40 (46.0) | 78 (45.3) |
Variables | Parental Migration Durations (Months) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | <6 | 6–<12 | ≥12 | |||
(n = 191) | (n = 50) | (n = 87) | (n = 172) | |||
Prevalence of caries, % * | ||||||
Caries in permeant teeth | 30.89 | 20.00 | 28.74 | 19.77 | 0.03 | |
Caries in primary teeth | 94.24 | 94.00 | 95.40 | 91.86 | 0.43 | |
Total caries | 94.76 | 94.00 | 95.40 | 91.86 | 0.31 | |
Number of caries, mean ** | ||||||
Caries in permeant teeth (DMFT) | 0.68 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.39 | |
Caries in primary teeth (dft) | 6.90 | 7.24 | 7.03 | 6.85 | 0.95 | |
Total caries (DMFT + dft) | 7.58 | 7.62 | 7.59 | 7.24 | 0.88 |
Fit Index | Recommend Levels | This Model |
---|---|---|
χ2/df | <5.00 | 1.28 |
RMSEA | <0.08 | 0.03 |
SRMR | <0.08 | 0.04 |
GFI | >0.90 | 0.99 |
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Liu, S.; Chongsuvivatwong, V.; Zhang, S.; Thearmontree, A. Effects of Parental Migration on Dental Caries of Six- to Eight-Year-Old Children Using Structural Equation Modeling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013470
Liu S, Chongsuvivatwong V, Zhang S, Thearmontree A. Effects of Parental Migration on Dental Caries of Six- to Eight-Year-Old Children Using Structural Equation Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013470
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Sichen, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong, Shinan Zhang, and Angkana Thearmontree. 2022. "Effects of Parental Migration on Dental Caries of Six- to Eight-Year-Old Children Using Structural Equation Modeling" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013470