A Newly Developed Scale for Assessing Experienced and Anticipated Sexual Stigma in Health-Care Services for Gay and Bisexual Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Development Process of the EASSSiHS
2.2.2. Homosexuality-Related Stigma
2.2.3. Depression
2.2.4. Anxiety
2.2.5. Loneliness
2.2.6. Demographics
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Entire Sample (n = 736) | EFA Sample (n = 330) | CFA Sample (n = 406) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year), mean (SD) | 31.03 (6.59) | 31.50 (6.79) | 30.65 (6.39) |
Educational level, n (%) | |||
High school | 79 (10.7) | 30 (9.1) | 49 (12.0) |
Undergraduate | 520 (70.6) | 238 (72.1) | 282 (69.5) |
Postgraduate | 137 (18.7) | 62 (18.8) | 75 (18.5) |
Transgender, n (%) | |||
No | 733 (99.6) | 328 (99.4) | 405 (99.8) |
Yes | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) |
Sexual orientation, n (%) | |||
Gay | 611 (83.0) | 281 (85.2) | 330 (81.3) |
Bisexual | 125 (17.0) | 49 (14.8) | 76 (18.7) |
CES-D score, mean (SD) | 18.17 (11.14) | 17.93 (11.27) | 18.37 (11.04) |
STAI score, mean (SD) | 39.58 (12.31) | 39.40 (12.30) | 39.72 (12.33) |
UCLA score, mean (SD) | 52.84 (4.96) | 52.76 (5.04) | 52.91 (4.89) |
HRSS score, mean (SD) | 26.72 (6.94) | 26.50 (6.87) | 26.90 (7.01) |
Item Description | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Never Experienced | Ever Experienced | |
1. Rejection: Have been rejected from receiving health-care services because of your gay or bisexual identity | 709 (96.3) | 27 (3.7) |
2. Inferior: Have received inferior health-care services because of your gay or bisexual identity | 686 (93.2) | 50 (6.8) |
3. Gossiping: Have heard health-care service staff gossiping about your gay or bisexual identity | 648 (88.0) | 88 (12.0) |
4. Difficulty: Have experienced difficulty receiving health-care services because of your gay or bisexual identity | 706 (95.9) | 30 (4.1) |
5. Worry: Have been afraid of seeking health-care services because you worry that your gay or bisexual identity will be disclosed | 585 (79.5) | 151 (20.5) |
6. Avoidance: Have avoided seeking health-care services because you worried that your gay or bisexual identity would be disclosed | 625 (84.9) | 111 (15.1) |
Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 330) | Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 406) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
1. Rejection | 0.56 | −0.10 | 0.56 | |
2. Inferiority | 0.68 | −0.08 | 0.64 | |
3. Gossiping | 0.28 | −0.07 | 0.48 | |
4. Difficulty | 0.68 | −0.24 | 0.80 | |
5. Worry | 0.14 | −0.86 | 0.85 | |
6. Avoidance | 0.22 | −0.80 | 0.77 |
r (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|
EASSSiHS Total Score | Experienced Stigma Factor | Anticipated Stigma Factor | |
CES-D | 0.241 (<0.001) | 0.145 (<0.001) | 0.242 (<0.001) |
STAI | 0.212 (<0.001) | 0.113 (0.002) | 0.227 (<0.001) |
UCLA | 0.208 (<0.001) | 0.132 (<0.001) | 0.201 (<0.001) |
HRSS | 0.237 (<0.001) | 0.178 (<0.001) | 0.202 (<0.001) |
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Huang, M.-F.; Chang, Y.-P.; Lin, C.-Y.; Yen, C.-F. A Newly Developed Scale for Assessing Experienced and Anticipated Sexual Stigma in Health-Care Services for Gay and Bisexual Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113877
Huang M-F, Chang Y-P, Lin C-Y, Yen C-F. A Newly Developed Scale for Assessing Experienced and Anticipated Sexual Stigma in Health-Care Services for Gay and Bisexual Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):13877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113877
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Mei-Feng, Yu-Ping Chang, Chung-Ying Lin, and Cheng-Fang Yen. 2022. "A Newly Developed Scale for Assessing Experienced and Anticipated Sexual Stigma in Health-Care Services for Gay and Bisexual Men" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 13877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113877