Factors Associated with Discrepancy of Child-Adolescent/Parent Reported Quality of Life in the Era of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- Examine child-parent discrepancies in reporting HRQoL in a sample of French school-aged children from 8 to 18 years.
- (b)
- Investigate the potential factors associated with such discrepancies in the KIDSCREEN-27 scores.
2. Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Judgment Criterion
2.4.2. Descriptive and Comparative Analyses
2.4.3. Main Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Children/Teenager’s Sample
3.2. Characteristics of the Households and Parents’ Scores on the Various Questionnaires
3.3. Child and Parents’ Reports of HRQoL and Child–Parent Discrepancy
3.4. Factors Associated with Child–Parent Discrepancies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOR | Adjusted Odds Ratio |
COR | Crude Odds Ratio |
GAD-7 | Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 |
HRQoL | Health-related Quality of Life |
KIDSCREEN-27 | Screening and Promotion for HRQoL in children and adolescents–a European Public Health Perspective |
MCID | Minimal Clinically Important Difference |
MSPSS | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support |
OE | Overevaluation |
OR | Odds Ratio |
PSS10 | Perceived Stress Scale |
QoL | Quality Of Life |
SAS | Statistical Analysis System |
SF12 | Item-12 Short Form Survey |
SF36 | Item-36 Short Form Survey |
UE | Under Evaluation |
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Children N = 471 N (%)/Average (SD) | Parents N = 341 N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 219 (46.5) | 51 (15.0) |
Female | 252 (53.5) | 290 (85.0) |
Age | ||
8–11 | 188 (39.9) | |
12–14 | 121 (25.7) | |
15–18 | 162 (34.4) | |
<30 | 2 (0.6) | |
30–39 | 85 (25.0) | |
40–49 | 217(63.6) | |
>50 | 37 (10.8) | |
Socio-professional category | ||
Farmers-operators | 1 (0.3) | |
Artisans, shopkeepers and company managers | 8 (2.3) | |
Managers and higher intellectual professions | 84 (24.6) | |
Intermediate professions | 52 (15.2) | |
Employees | 142 (41.6) | |
Workers | 10 (2.9) | |
Retired | 4 (1.2) | |
Other persons not working | 40 (11.7) | |
Highest diploma | ||
No diploma/primary school certificate/secondary school certificate, CAP, BEP or equivalent | 56 (16.4) | |
Baccalaureate, vocational certificate or equivalent | 65 (19.1) | |
Higher education diploma (minimum 2 years of higher education) | 220 (64.5) | |
Professional activity | ||
Full-time | 214 (63.6) | |
Half-time/part-time | 80 (23.7) | |
Job search/studies | 29 (8.6) | |
Disability/retirement | 15 (4.5) |
Full Sample N = 471 N (%)/Average (SD) | Primary School Students N = 187 N (%)/Average (SD) | Middle School Students N = 171 N (%)/Average (SD) | High School Students N = 113 N (%)/Average (SD) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender Male Female Age | 219 (46.5) 252 (53.5) 12.9 (2.9) | 92 (49.2) 95 (50.8) 9.9 (0.8) | 94 (55.0) 77 (45.0) 13.5 (1.24) | 33 (29.2) 80 (70.8) 17.0 (0.87) | <0.0001 |
Focus at home for homework Not at all difficult A little difficult Difficult Very difficult | 143 (30.5) 159 (33.9) 94 (20.1) 73 (15.6) | 53 (28.3) 51 (27.3) 44 (23.5) 39 (20.9) | 55 (32.4) 64 (37.6) 28 (16.5) 23 (13.5) | 35 (31.3) 44 (39.3) 22 (19.6) 11 (9.8) | 0.0431 |
Homework time +4h/day every day Between 2h and 4h/day every day -2h/day every day -1h/day every day | 137 (29.4) 209 (44.8)97 (20.8) 23 (4.9) | 39 (21.0) 98 (52.7) 42 (22.6) 7 (3.8) | 57 (33.7) 64 (37.9) 39 (23.1) 9 (5.3) | 41 (36.9) 47 (42.3) 16 (14.4) 7 (6.3) | 0.0131 |
Have to be home-schooled Not at all difficult A little difficult Difficult Very difficult | 197 (42.2) 140 (30.0) 75 (16.0) 55 (11.8) | 77 (41.6) 48 (25.9) 35 (18.9) 25 (13.5) | 79 (46.5) 51 (30.0) 17 (10.0) 23 (13.5) | 41 (36.6) 41 (36.6) 23 (20.5) 7 (6.3) | 0.0267 |
Fear of going out and having the COVID-19 Not at all A little A lot Enormously | 210 (44.9) 165 (35.2) 55 (11.7) 38 (8.1) | 79 (42.2) 48 (25.7) 34 (18.2) 26 (13.9) | 82 (48.5) 67 (39.6) 14 (8.3) 6 (3.6) | 49 (43.8) 50 (44.6) 7 (6.3) 6 (5.4) | <0.0001 |
Exit outside the dwelling Several times a day, almost every day Once a day, almost every day Several times a week but not every day Approximately once a week Less than once a week Never | 51 (10.9) 91 (19.4) 77 (16.4) 59 (12.6) 87 (18.6) 104 (22.2) | 24 (12.8) 34 (18.2) 32 (17.1) 24 (12.8) 30 (16.0) 43 (23.0) | 21 (12.3) 36 (21.1) 27 (15.8) 19 (11.1) 31 (18.1) 37 (21.6) | 6 (5.4) 21 (18.9) 18 (16.2) 16 (14.4) 26 (23.4) 24 (21.6) | 0.6982 |
Noises outside the residence Yes No | 54 (11.5) 417 (88.5) | 24 (12.8) 163 (87.2) | 16 (9.4) 155 (90.6) | 14 (12.4) 99 (87.6) | 0.5518 |
Noises inside the residence Yes No | 43 (9.1) 428 (90.9) | 17 (9.1) 170 (90.9) | 16 (9.4) 155 (90.6) | 10 (8.8) 103 (91.2) | 0.9892 |
Tensions or conflicts with neighbors Yes No | 11 (2.3) 460 (97.7) | 4 (2.1) 183 (97.9) | 4 (2.3) 167 (97.7) | 3 (2.7) 110 (97.3) | 0.9597 |
Tensions and conflicts at home Yes No | 137 (29.1) 334 (70.9) | 47 (25.1) 140 (74.9) | 55 (32.2) 116 (67.8) | 35 (31.0) 78 (69.0) | 0.3017 |
Difficulty isolating at home Yes No | 62 (13.2) 409 (86.8) | 20 (10.7) 167 (89.3) | 25 (14.6) 146 (85.4) | 17 (15.0) 96 (85.0) | 0.4532 |
Parents | ||
---|---|---|
N = 341 | ||
N | %/Average (SD) | |
Parents’ scores | ||
MSPSS total score | 341 | 5.5 (1.2) |
MSPSS subscales | ||
Family | 341 | 5.5 (1.3) |
Friends | 341 | 5.3 (1.4) |
Significant other | 341 | 5.7 (1.2) |
GAD-7 total score | 341 | 5.2 (4.7) |
Normal anxiety (0–4) | 170 | 49.9 |
Average anxiety (5–9) | 108 | 31.7 |
Moderate anxiety (10–14) | 47 | 13.8 |
High anxiety (15–21) | 16 | 4.7 |
PSS-10 total score | 341 | 14.0 (7.8) |
Low stress (0–13) | 171 | 50.1 |
Moderate stress (14–26) | 151 | 44.3 |
Severe stress (27–40) | 19 | 5.6 |
BRS total score | 341 | 3.6 (0.8) |
<3 | 65 | 19.1 |
≥3 | 276 | 80.9 |
SF12 mental health score | 341 | 56.6 (16.5) |
SF12 physical health score | 341 | 70.3 (12.7) |
Households | ||
Type of accommodation | 340 | |
Apartment/mobile home | 68 | 20 |
House | 272 | 80 |
Access to a private outside space | 341 | |
Private balcony, courtyard or terrace | 38 | 11.1 |
Private domestic garden | 270 | 79.2 |
Courtyard or garden for collective use | 11 | 3.2 |
No access | 22 | 6.5 |
Someone at home had COVID-19 | 341 | |
Confirmed and hospitalized cases | 3 | 0.9 |
Confirmed and non-hospitalized cases | 7 | 2.1 |
Suspected cases | 32 | 9.4 |
No | 299 | 87.7 |
Home location | 339 | |
Urban area | 131 | 38.6 |
Rural area | 208 | 61.4 |
Family structure | 339 | |
Single parent | 62 | 18.3 |
Original couple | 230 | 67.8 |
Parent + partner | 47 | 13.9 |
Full Sample N = 471 Average (SD) | Primary School Students N = 187 Average (SD) | Middle School Students N = 171 Average (SD) | High School Students N = 113 Average (SD) | Parents N = 471 Average (SD) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1: Physical well-being | 45.9 (10.3) | 49.4 (9.6) | 44.9 (10.5) | 41.8 (9.4) | 42.9 (9.4) | <0.0001 |
Dimension 2: Psychological well-being | 48.8 (10.0) | 51.2 (9.2) | 48.2 (10.3) | 45.7 (9.8) | 46.9 (11.3) | 0.0054 |
Dimension 3: Autonomy and parents | 47.7 (11.3) | 46.3 (9.6) | 47.8 (11.8) | 49.7 (12.7) | 46.2 (12.2) | 0.0610 |
Dimension 4: Peers and social support | 36.4 (14.7) | 31.5 (15.8) | 37.8 (12.6) | 42.4 (13.3) | 32.9 (14.9) | 0.0003 |
Dimension 5: School environment | 48.2 (10.2) | 50.0 (9.8) | 47.0 (10.1) | 46.9 (10.4) | 47.2 (10.5) | 0.1275 |
Bivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression | Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Dimension 1: Physical well-being | R2 = 0.08, H&L = 0.41 | |||||
Children: Tensions and conflicts with neighbors (Yes vs. No) Parents: SF12 Mental health score (Ref: > Median score) Home location (Rural area vs. Urban area) Someone at home had COVID-19 (Ref: No) Suspected cases | UE: 1.04 OE: 4.81 UE: 1.58 OE: 1.14 UE: 1.68 OE: 1.35 UE: 2.53 OE: 1.11 | 0.21–5.20 1.12–20.65 1.06–2.34 0.67–1.95 1.11–2.53 0.78–2.35 1.27–5.03 0.38–3.24 | 0.9652 0.0347 0.0244 0.6320 0.0134 0.2810 0.0081 0.8461 | 0.95 5.04 1.71 0.99 1.76 1.41 2.69 0.93 | 0.18–4.91 1.14–22.27 1.13–2.58 0.56–1.75 1.15–2.69 0.80–2.50 1.32–5.47 0.29–2.99 | 0.9515 0.0329 0.0110 0.9722 0.0088 0.2364 0.0063 0.9050 |
Dimension 2: Psychological well-being | R2 = 0.1, H&L = 0.71 | |||||
Children: Gender (Male vs. Female) Parents: Professional activity (Ref: Job search /studies /disability /retirement) Full time Half-time/part-time MSPSS significant others score (Ref: ≤ Median score) | UE: 1.91 OE: 1.13 UE: 0.93 OE: 3.75 UE: 1.48 OE: 7.01 UE: 0.92 OE: 2.20 | 1.27–2.86 0.68–1.87 0.51–1.71 1.10–12.84 0.74–2.96 1.95–25.24 0.60–1.41 1.32–3.66 | 0.0019 0.6413 0.8254 0.0349 0.2648 0.0029 0.7040 0.0024 | 2.00 1.07 0.81 6.28 1.32 11.61 0.95 2.38 | 1.32–3.04 0.63–1.82 0.44–1.51 1.43–27.53 0.65–2.68 2.52–53.63 0.61–1.47 1.40–4.04 | 0.0011 0.7984 0.5163 0.0148 0.4441 0.0017 0.8049 0.0014 |
Dimension 3: Autonomy and parents | R2 = 0.08, H&L = 0.96 | |||||
Children: Noises inside the residence (Yes vs. No) Parents: Highest degree (Ref: No diploma/primary school certificate/secondary school diploma, CAP, BEP or equivalent) Baccalaureate, vocational certificate or equivalent Family structure (Ref: Parent + partner) Single parent Original couple | UE: 2.41 OE: 2.05 UE: 2.15 OE: 2.61 UE: 3.88 OE: 1.18 UE: 2.48 OE: 0.86 | 1.17–4.98 0.88–4.81 1.08–4.31 1.07–6.37 1.67–9.01 0.51–2.70 1.19–5.17 0.45–1.65 | 0.0171 0.0978 0.0303 0.0346 0.0016 0.7012 0.0157 0.6487 | 2.45 2.16 2.05 3.26 4.00 1.00 2.50 0.82 | 1.17–5.12 0.92–5.10 1.00–4.25 1.26–8.41 1.70–9.40 0.42–2.41 1.19–5.27 0.42–1.60 | 0.0172 0.0784 0.0496 0.0147 0.0015 0.9903 0.0160 0.5686 |
Dimension 4: Peers and social support | R2 = 0.06, H&L = 0.93 | |||||
Children: Education level (Ref: Primary school) Middle school High school Parents: Home location (Urban area vs. Rural area) | UE: 1.59 OE: 3.72 UE: 1.69 OE: 3.87 UE: 1.50 OE: 2.16 | 1.01–2.51 1.79–7.70 1.01–2.83 1.76–8.51 1.00–2.26 1.22–3.82 | 0.0471 0.0004 0.0453 0.0008 0.0521 0.0081 | 1.60 3.85 1.55 3.24 1.45 2.08 | 1.01–2.53 1.85–8.03 0.92–2.62 1.45–7.26 0.95–2.21 1.15–3.75 | 0.0466 0.0003 0.1001 0.0042 0.0834 0.0153 |
Dimension 5: School environment | R2 = 0.07, H&L = 0.71 | |||||
Parents: SF12 Physical health score (Ref: > Median score) Access to a private outside space (Ref: Private domestic garden Courtyard or garden for collective use No access | UE: 1.77 OE: 0.99 UE:<0.001 OE: 5.80 UE: 2.65 OE: 1.69 | 1.15–2.71 0.63–1.57 <0.001–>999.99 1.53–21.96 1.08–6.53 0.59–4.81 | 0.0087 0.9862 0.9812 0.0096 0.0334 0.3240 | 1.77 1.11 <0.001 5.89 3.09 1.90 | 1.14–2.75 0.69–1.79 <0.001–>999.99 1.54–22.45 1.20–7.95 0.65–5.60 | 0.0108 0.6517 0.9811 0.0095 0.0192 0.2414 |
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Jeanbert, E.; Baumann, C.; Todorović, A.; Tarquinio, C.; Rousseau, H.; Bourion-Bédès, S. Factors Associated with Discrepancy of Child-Adolescent/Parent Reported Quality of Life in the Era of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114359
Jeanbert E, Baumann C, Todorović A, Tarquinio C, Rousseau H, Bourion-Bédès S. Factors Associated with Discrepancy of Child-Adolescent/Parent Reported Quality of Life in the Era of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114359
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeanbert, Elodie, Cédric Baumann, Anja Todorović, Cyril Tarquinio, Hélène Rousseau, and Stéphanie Bourion-Bédès. 2022. "Factors Associated with Discrepancy of Child-Adolescent/Parent Reported Quality of Life in the Era of COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114359