The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. How Long-COVID May Affect Vaccine Hesitancy
1.2. Hypotheses Development
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Had No COVID-19 (N = 795) | Had COVID without Developing Long-COVID (N = 167) | Had COVID-19 and Developed Long-COVID (N = 149) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | M | s.d. | M | s.d. | M | s.d. |
VFS-6 cognitive | 7.42 | 4.04 | 8.15 | 4.38 | 8.05 | 3.98 |
VFS-6 somatic | 4.88 | 2.91 | 5.14 | 3.24 | 5.50 | 3.25 |
VH confidence | 10.39 | 3.72 | 9.24 | 3.75 | 10.31 | 2.88 |
VH complacency | 5.35 | 2.76 | 5.52 | 3.24 | 4.72 | 2.36 |
VH constraints | 4.69 | 2.23 | 5.2 | 2.46 | 4.70 | 2.37 |
VH calculation | 10.99 | 2.68 | 11.11 | 2.60 | 11.15 | 2.54 |
VH collective responsibility | 12.05 | 2.98 | 11.13 | 3.29 | 12.3 | 2.63 |
Criterion Variable | Mean Squares | d.f. | F | p. |
---|---|---|---|---|
VFS-6 cognitive | 53.89 | 2; 1110 | 3.23 | 0.05 |
VFS-6 somatic | 25.65 | 2; 1110 | 2.83 | 0.06 |
VH confidence | 92.23 | 2; 1110 | 8.32 | <0.001 |
VH complacency | 138.73 | 2; 1110 | 17.82 | <0.001 |
VH constraints | 18.44 | 2; 1110 | 3.54 | 0.03 |
VH calculation | 2.42 | 2; 1110 | 0.34 | 0.71 |
VH collective responsibility | 70.16 | 2; 1110 | 7.88 | <0.001 |
Had No COVID-19 vs. Had COVID without Developing Long-COVID | Had No COVID-19 vs. Had COVID and Developed Long-COVID | Had COVID without Developing Long-COVID vs. Had COVID and Developed Long-COVID | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterion Variable | t | d.f. | d | t | d.f. | d | t | d.f. | d |
VFS-6 cognitive | −1.99 | 229.25 | n.c. | −1.79 | 209.13 | n.c. | 0.20 | 313.89 | n.c. |
VFS-6 somatic | −0.97 | 226.10 | n.c. | −2.16 * | 195.24 | −0.20 | −0.97 | 309.65 | n.c. |
VH confidence | 3.70 *** | 225.13 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 228.20 | n.c. | −2.87 ** | 308.22 | −0.32 |
VH complacency | −4.35 *** | 219.61 | −0.39 | 2.89 ** | 230.81 | 0.25 | 5.67 *** | 302.43 | 0.64 |
VH constraints | −2.48 * | 226.63 | −0.22 | −0.02 | 199.99 | n.c. | 1.86 | 312.15 | n.c. |
VH calculation | −0.55 | 245.40 | n.c. | −0.74 | 241.59 | n.c. | −0.16 | 311.60 | n.c. |
VH collective responsibility | 3.36 ** | 226.67 | 0.29 | −1.04 | 225.37 | n.c. | −3.53 *** | 310.33 | −0.40 |
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Duradoni, M.; Gursesli, M.C.; Materassi, L.; Serritella, E.; Guazzini, A. The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114550
Duradoni M, Gursesli MC, Materassi L, Serritella E, Guazzini A. The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114550
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuradoni, Mirko, Mustafa Can Gursesli, Letizia Materassi, Elena Serritella, and Andrea Guazzini. 2022. "The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114550