Association of PM2.5 and Its Chemical Compositions with Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Study in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Estimation of PM2.5 and Its Composition
2.3. Definition of MetS
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Basic Description
3.2. Association between PM2.5 and Its Compositions on MetS
3.3. Stratified Analyses by Subgroups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-MetS (n = 9374) | MetS (n = 4044) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), year | 61.6 (9.79) | 60.8 (9.07) | <0.001 |
Height, mean (SD), cm | 158 (8.35) | 158 (8.56) | 0.392 |
Weight, mean (SD), kg | 57.5 (10.5) | 65.8 (11.3) | <0.001 |
Physical activity amount, mean (SD), MET min/week | 119 (113) | 95.5 (101) | <0.001 |
Sex (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Men | 4681 (49.9%) | 1492 (36.9%) | |
Women | 4691 (50.0%) | 2552 (63.1%) | |
Missing | 2 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Urban or rural (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Urban | 3227 (34.4%) | 1869 (46.2%) | |
Rural | 6147 (65.6%) | 2175 (53.8%) | |
Marriage or not (No. (%)) | 0.28 | ||
Single | 1217 (13.0%) | 497 (12.3%) | |
Married | 8155 (87.0%) | 3547 (87.7%) | |
Missing | 2 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Educational level (No. (%)) | 0.002 | ||
Primary or below | 3952 (42.2%) | 1609 (39.8%) | |
Middle school | 1721 (18.4%) | 815 (20.2%) | |
High school | 705 (7.5%) | 348 (8.6%) | |
Collage or above | 134 (1.4%) | 72 (1.8%) | |
Missing | 2862 (30.5%) | 1200 (29.7%) | |
Heating fuel 1 (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Solid | 5445 (58.1%) | 2139 (52.9%) | |
Clean | 1516 (16.2%) | 732 (18.1%) | |
Missing | 2413 (25.7%) | 1173 (29.0%) | |
Cooking fuel 1 (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Solid | 4277 (45.6%) | 1514 (37.4%) | |
Clean | 5081 (54.2%) | 2520 (62.3%) | |
Missing | 16 (0.2%) | 10 (0.2%) | |
Smoke or not (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Smoke | 2635 (28.1%) | 767 (19.0%) | |
No-smoke | 5336 (56.9%) | 2708 (67.0%) | |
Missing | 1403 (15.0%) | 569 (14.1%) | |
Drinking or not (No. (%)) | <0.001 | ||
Drink | 3480 (37.1%) | 1184 (29.3%) | |
Ever-drink | 1015 (10.8%) | 442 (10.9%) | |
No-drink | 4860 (51.8%) | 2411 (59.6%) | |
Missing | 19 (0.2%) | 7 (0.2%) |
Air Pollutants | Mean | SD | Min | P5 | P25 | Median | P75 | P95 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 49.31 | 19.63 | 19.84 | 22.14 | 32.25 | 45.87 | 61.89 | 84.98 | 93.27 |
BC | 2.36 | 0.70 | 0.98 | 1.37 | 1.82 | 2.21 | 2.88 | 3.63 | 3.99 |
NH4+ | 7.45 | 3.11 | 2.76 | 3.04 | 4.83 | 7.43 | 9.57 | 12.92 | 14.03 |
NO3− | 10.74 | 5.11 | 3.07 | 3.56 | 6.27 | 10.28 | 14.26 | 19.56 | 21.38 |
OM | 11.93 | 4.23 | 4.95 | 6.00 | 8.56 | 11.46 | 14.77 | 20.12 | 21.70 |
SO42− | 9.24 | 3.34 | 3.07 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 8.64 | 11.77 | 15.27 | 16.61 |
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Guo, Q.; Zhao, Y.; Xue, T.; Zhang, J.; Duan, X. Association of PM2.5 and Its Chemical Compositions with Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Study in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214671
Guo Q, Zhao Y, Xue T, Zhang J, Duan X. Association of PM2.5 and Its Chemical Compositions with Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Study in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214671
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Qian, Yuchen Zhao, Tao Xue, Junfeng Zhang, and Xiaoli Duan. 2022. "Association of PM2.5 and Its Chemical Compositions with Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Study in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214671