Analysis of Landscape Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residential Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Tibet, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Framework
2.2. Study Area
- (1)
- Characteristics of typical residential areas
- (2)
- Topographic characteristics
- (3)
- Traffic conditions
- (4)
- Hydrological conditions
- (5)
- Ecological environmental conditions
- (6)
- Other conditions.
2.3. Data Sources
2.4. Methods
2.4.1. Rank–Size Principle
2.4.2. Landscape Index
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution Based on Rank–Size Principle
3.2. Spatial Distribution Based on Landscape Indices
3.2.1. Spatial Distribution of Residential Patch Area and Density
3.2.2. Distribution of DIVISION and COHESION
3.3. Analysis of Factors Influencing Residential Area in Tibet
3.3.1. Effects of Altitude on Residential Area in Tibet
3.3.2. Ecological Environmental Conditions
3.3.3. Hydrological Conditions
3.3.4. Location Conditions
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of Water Affinity and Road-Affinity for Tibet Residential Areas
4.2. Policy Suggestions on Landscape Planning of Tibetan Residential Areas
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landscape Index | Calculation Formula | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Degree of landscape division [49] (DIVISION) | is the area of each residential patch; A is the total area of residential patches. | |
Cohesion index of patch [49] (COHESION) | Pi is the perimeter of the residential patch; ai is the area of residential patch i; Z is the total area of the residential area | |
Patch density (PD) | N is the total area of residential patch; A is the total area of research area | |
Largest patch index (LPI) [49] | ai is the area of each residential patch A is the total area of residential patch |
Region | Zipf Index | R2 | LnS0 | LnRi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shannan City | 0.833 | 0.9964 | 6.9315 | 1.1961 |
Xigaze City | 0.7323 | 0.9843 | 6.6247 | 1.3441 |
Nagqu City | 0.8551 | 0.9882 | 6.4225 | 1.1556 |
Nyingchi City | 0.8186 | 0.9843 | 6.6277 | 1.2024 |
Lhasa City | 1.0006 | 0.9927 | 7.1177 | 0.9921 |
Chamdo City | 0.6555 | 0.9917 | 6.2847 | 1.5128 |
Ngari Prefecture | 1.4947 | 0.9813 | 7.3751 | 0.6565 |
Region | LPI | PSSD | TA |
---|---|---|---|
The whole Tibet area | 11.42 | 317,613.61 | 795.96 |
Shannan City | 6.97 | 129,043.14 | 167.07 |
Xigaze City | 12.86 | 143,959.17 | 157.28 |
Nagqu City | 23.4 | 125,992.14 | 61.83 |
Nyingchi City | 13.61 | 135,951.56 | 81.21 |
Lhasa City | 46.4 | 738,921.57 | 195.8 |
Chamdo City | 1.55 | 31,553.15 | 102.78 |
Ngari Prefecture | 31.88 | 162,034.43 | 29.99 |
Region | DIVISION | COHESION |
---|---|---|
Whole Tibet area | 0.9849 | 99.54% |
Shannan City | 0.9911 | 99.57% |
Xigaze City | 0.9820 | 99.44% |
Nagqu City | 0.9423 | 99.33% |
Nyingchi City | 0.9777 | 99.51% |
Lhasa City | 0.7815 | 99.75% |
Chamdo City | 0.9982 | 99.21% |
Ngari Prefecture | 0.8863 | 99.63% |
NDVI | Level | Area of Residential Area | Percentage of Area |
---|---|---|---|
0–0.1 | I | 51.67 | 6.49% |
0.1–0.2 | II | 185.30 | 23.28% |
0.2–0.3 | III | 192.97 | 24.24% |
0.3–0.4 | IV | 121.55 | 15.27% |
0.4–0.5 | V | 58.70 | 7.37% |
0.5–0.6 | VI | 133.56 | 16.78% |
0.6–0.7 | VII | 25.17 | 3.16% |
0.7–0.8 | VIII | 19.87 | 2.50% |
0.8–0.9 | IX | 5.23 | 0.66% |
0.9–1 | X | 1.94 | 0.24% |
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Niu, D.; Wang, L.; Qiao, F.; Li, W. Analysis of Landscape Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residential Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Tibet, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214951
Niu D, Wang L, Qiao F, Li W. Analysis of Landscape Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residential Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Tibet, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214951
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiu, Dingwei, Lucang Wang, Fuwei Qiao, and Wei Li. 2022. "Analysis of Landscape Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Residential Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: A Case Study of Tibet, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14951. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214951