Hydrocarbon Degradation and Microbial Survival Improvement in Response to γ-Polyglutamic Acid Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Set-Up
- (1)
- PGA0: zeolite + nutrients + petroleum product (reference);
- (2)
- PGA0B: zeolite + nutrients + petroleum product + bacterial broth;
- (3)
- PGA1: zeolite + PGA at a 1:100 dilution (1%) + nutrients + petroleum product;
- (4)
- PGA1B: zeolite + PGA at a 1:100 dilution (1%) with bacterial broth + nutrients + petroleum product;
- (5)
- PGA10: zeolite + PGA at a 1:10 dilution (10%) + nutrients + petroleum product.
2.2. Media Characteristics
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.3.1. Samples Extraction and Preparation
2.3.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
- (1)
- Ratio of two acyclic isoprenoids differing in a chain length by a CH2 group, i.e., pristane (C19), abbreviated as Pr, and phytane (C20), abbreviated as Ph;
- (2)
- Ratios of acyclic isoprenoids to n-alkane: pristane (Pr) to n-heptadecane (n-C17) and phytane (Ph) to n-octadecane (n-C18);
- (3)
- Ratios of n-octadecane (n-C18) to 17α(H), 21β(H)-hopane (abbreviated as H30) and n-undecane (n-C11) to 17α(H), 21β(H)-hopane (H30);
- (4)
- Ratios of two n-alkanes differing in a chain length, i.e., n-heptadecane (n-C17) to n-octadecane (n-C18), n-undecane (n-C11) to n-octadecane (n-C18), n-undecane (n-C11) to n-dodecane (n-C12), n-undecane (n-C11) to n-henicosane (n-C21), and n-henicosane (n-C21) to n-hentriacontane (n-C31). The n-alkane ratios were selected so that the whole range of n-alkanes was covered, i.e., from n-C11 to n-C31, to better follow the biodegradation dynamics.
2.3.3. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH
2.3.4. Microorganisms
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Percentage Yield Extraction
3.2. Hydrocarbon Mass Loss
3.3. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH
3.4. Geochemical Ratios
3.5. The Protective Role of PGA for Bacillus Strains
3.6. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Heavy Naphtha | Lubricating Oil | Grease | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AX1 | AX2 | AX1 | AX2 | AX1 | AX2 | |
PGA0 | 0.293 | 0.595 | 1.203 | −1.168 | 0.935 | 0.034 |
PGA1 | −0.142 | 0.039 | 0.419 | 1.471 | −0.432 | 0.151 |
PGA1B | −0.253 | −0.177 | −0.771 | −0.371 | −0.026 | −0.360 |
PGA10 | 0.102 | −0.457 | −0.850 | 0.069 | −0.478 | 0.175 |
T7 | 0.623 | −0.201 | −0.672 | −0.379 | 0.084 | 0.841 |
T28 | −0.469 | 0.139 | 0.730 | 0.314 | 0.023 | −0.171 |
T56 | −0.234 | 0.093 | 0.164 | 0.239 | −0.080 | −0.440 |
T112 | 0.448 | −0.158 | −0.223 | −0.175 | −0.027 | −0.230 |
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Zając, E.; Fabiańska, M.J.; Jędrszczyk, E.; Skalski, T. Hydrocarbon Degradation and Microbial Survival Improvement in Response to γ-Polyglutamic Acid Application. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215066
Zając E, Fabiańska MJ, Jędrszczyk E, Skalski T. Hydrocarbon Degradation and Microbial Survival Improvement in Response to γ-Polyglutamic Acid Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):15066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215066
Chicago/Turabian StyleZając, Ewelina, Monika J. Fabiańska, Elżbieta Jędrszczyk, and Tomasz Skalski. 2022. "Hydrocarbon Degradation and Microbial Survival Improvement in Response to γ-Polyglutamic Acid Application" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215066