Influence of Respiratory Tract Infections on Vocabulary Growth in Relation to Child’s Sex: The STEPS Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Language Measures
2.2.2. Respiratory Tract Infections
2.2.3. Demographic Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Respiratory Tract Infections in Study Sample
3.2. Vocabulary Growth in Relation to Recurrent RTIs and Background Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Vocabulary Growth
4.2. Recurrent RTIs and Vocabulary Growth
4.3. Relation of Risk and Background Factors and Vocabulary Growth in Boys versus Girls
4.4. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Included in the Study (N = 462) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||
n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Child’s sex (boys) | 248 | (53.7) | 214 | (46.3) |
Firstborn | ||||
yes | 153 | (61.7) | 129 | (60.3) |
Age at birth, mean (SD) | ||||
mother | 31.2 (4.4) | 31.1 (4.3) | ||
father | 33.1 (5.4) | 33.2 (5.5) | ||
Day care outside the home | ||||
at 13 months | 65 | (26.2) | 52 | (24.3) |
at 24 months | 129/229 | (56.3) | 108/200 | (54.0) |
High educational level * | ||||
mother | 162/244 | (66.4) | 135/206 | (65.5) |
father | 112/244 | (45.9) | 102/200 | (51.0) |
High occupational level ** | ||||
mother | 135/214 | 63.1 | 113/180 | (62.8) |
father | 106/197 | (53.8) | 103/170 | (60.6) |
Family income, average or more *** | ||||
yes | 101/245 | (41.2) | 105/209 | (50.2) |
Late onset of speech | ||||
mother | 3 | (1.2) | 3 | (1.4) |
father | 4 | (1.6) | 3 | (1.4) |
Variable | Vocabulary Growth (Expressive Language) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||||||
n | Mean | SD | p | Cohen’s d [95% CI] | n | Mean | SD | p | Cohen’s d [95% CI] | |
Recurrent RTIs, 0–12 months | 0.665 | −0.09 [−0.49, 0.31] | 0.312 | −0.24 [−0.72, 0.23] | ||||||
(≥91 days) yes | 27 | 263.9 | 166.1 | 19 | 365.7 | 132.1 | ||||
no | 210 | 249.3 | 163.6 | 188 | 329.5 | 150.2 | ||||
Recurrent RTIs, 13–23 months | 0.024 a | −0.48 [−0.90, −0.06] | 0.970 | 0.01 [−0.45, 0.47] | ||||||
(≥120 days) yes | 25 | 320.3 | 159.9 | 20 | 331.6 | 147.0 | ||||
no | 211 | 242.2 | 162.6 | 187 | 332.9 | 149.2 | ||||
Recurrent AOM, 0–12 months | 0.089 | −0.31 [−0.74, 0.12] | 0.539 | −0.16 [−0.69, 0.36] | ||||||
(≥3 episodes) yes | 23 | 289.2 | 125.6 | 15 | 359.1 | 145.4 | ||||
no | 207 | 239.0 | 164.0 | 184 | 334.6 | 147.8 | ||||
Recurrent AOM, 13–23 months | 0.477 | −0.14 [−0.52, 0.24] | 0.050 | −0.34 [−0.82, 0.15] | ||||||
(≥4 episodes) yes | 30 | 268.5 | 167.8 | 18 | 378.7 | 92.5 | ||||
no | 212 | 245.7 | 164.1 | 194 | 328.5 | 152.9 |
Variable | Expressive Vocabulary Growth in Boys and Girls | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||||||
B | SE B | β | p | 95% CI | B | SE B | β | p | 95% CI | |
Expressive vocabulary size at 13 months | 3.41 | 1.05 | 0.26 | 0.001 | [1.34, 5.48] | 2.23 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.009 | [0.58, 3.88] |
Presence of siblings | −15.93 | 27.56 | −0.05 | 0.564 | [−70.43, 38.56] | −59.18 | 27.70 | −0.20 | 0.035 | [−114.06, −4.30] |
Recurrent RTIs, 0–12 months | −10.05 | 45.08 | −0.02 | 0.824 | [−99.19, 79.09] | 33.84 | 50.30 | 0.07 | 0.503 | [−65.83, 133.51] |
Recurrent RTIs, 13–23 months | 109.88 | 43.79 | 0.21 | 0.013 | [23.29, 196.46] | −47.36 | 51.83 | −0.09 | 0.363 | [−150.07, 55.35] |
Recurrent AOM, 0–12 months | 10.34 | 43.38 | 0.02 | 0.812 | [−75.40, 96.07] | 13.60 | 54.76 | 0.02 | 0.804 | [−94.91, 122.10] |
Recurrent AOM, 13–23 months | 34.26 | 36.35 | 0.08 | 0.348 | [−37.61, 106,14] | 68.84 | 45.74 | 0.14 | 0.135 | [−21.81, 159.48] |
High educational level of the mother * | −18.84 | 32.64 | −0.06 | 0.565 | [−83.38, 45.71] | −24.19 | 35.09 | −0.08 | 0.492 | [−93.73, 45.35] |
High educational level of the father * | 18.25 | 36.58 | 0.06 | 0.619 | [−54.08, 90.59] | 17.62 | 31.02 | 0.06 | 0.571 | [−43.86, 79.10] |
High occupational level of the mother ** | 44.47 | 33.40 | 0.14 | 0.185 | [−21.58, 110.51] | 5.68 | 32.75 | 0.01 | 0.863 | [−59.22, 70.57] |
High occupational level of the father ** | 35.81 | 35.61 | 0.11 | 0.316 | [−34.60, 106.23] | −24.61 | 31.52 | −0.08 | 0.437 | [−87.08, 37.85] |
Day care, 13 months | 5.68 | 32.87 | 0.02 | 0.863 | [−59.32, 70.68] | −8.60 | 33.48 | −0.03 | 0.798 | [−74.95, 57.75] |
Day care, 24 months | 28.42 | 26.84 | 0.09 | 0.292 | [−24.66, 81.49] | 45.81 | 28.66 | 0.16 | 0.113 | [−10.98, 102.59] |
F(12, 138) = 2.70; p = 0.003; R2 = 0.19; R2Adj. = 0.12 | F(12, 111) = 1.52; p = 0.126; R2 = 0.14; R2Adj. = 0.05 |
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Nylund, A.; Toivonen, L.; Korpilahti, P.; Kaljonen, A.; Lyberg Åhlander, V.; Peltola, V.; Rautakoski, P. Influence of Respiratory Tract Infections on Vocabulary Growth in Relation to Child’s Sex: The STEPS Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315560
Nylund A, Toivonen L, Korpilahti P, Kaljonen A, Lyberg Åhlander V, Peltola V, Rautakoski P. Influence of Respiratory Tract Infections on Vocabulary Growth in Relation to Child’s Sex: The STEPS Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315560
Chicago/Turabian StyleNylund, Annette, Laura Toivonen, Pirjo Korpilahti, Anne Kaljonen, Viveka Lyberg Åhlander, Ville Peltola, and Pirkko Rautakoski. 2022. "Influence of Respiratory Tract Infections on Vocabulary Growth in Relation to Child’s Sex: The STEPS Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315560