Meaning Making as a Lifebuoy in Dementia Caregiving: Predicting Depression from a Generation Perspective Using a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Meaning Making Model
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.3.2. Generation
2.3.3. Situational Meaning
2.3.4. Meaning Made
2.3.5. Caregiver Burden
2.3.6. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
2.3.7. Resilience
2.3.8. Demographic Information
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms
2.4.2. Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Depressive Symptoms
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Caregivers from Two Generations
3.2. Characteristics of Care Recipients from Two Generations
3.3. Differences in Outcomes among Caregivers from Two Generations
3.4. Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms
3.5. Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Depressive Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Implications
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Full Sample (N = 167) | GX (n = 66) | BB (n = 101) | Statistics | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caregivers | |||||
Age, M (SD) | 55.44 (6.71) | 48.65 (4.10) | 59.87 (3.68) | t(165) = −18.417 | <0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 132 (79.0) | 53 (80.3) | 79 (78.2) | χ2(1) = 0.105 | 0.75 |
Married, n (%) | 85 (50.9) | 29 (43.9) | 56 (55.4) | χ2(1) = 2.115 | 0.15 |
Education, n (%) | χ2(1) = 0.313 | 0.58 | |||
Secondary of below | 93 (55.7) | 35 (53.0) | 58 (57.4) | ||
Higher diploma or above | 74 (44.3) | 31 (47.0) | 43 (42.6) | ||
Housing, n (%) | χ2(1) = 2.131 | 0.14 | |||
Public housing | 100 (59.9) | 35 (53.0) | 65 (64.4) | ||
Private housing | 67 (40.1) | 31 (47.0) | 36 (35.6) | ||
Able to afford caregiving, n (%) | 149 (89.2) | 56 (84.8) | 93 (92.1) | χ2(1) = 2.170 | 0.14 |
Working, n (%) | 89 (53.3) | 45 (68.2) | 44 (43.6) | χ2(1) = 9.718 | 0.002 |
Care recipients | |||||
Age, M (SD) | 84.76 (5.72) | 81.30 (5.79) | 87.02 (4.41) | t(165) = −0.7225 | <0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 131 (78.4) | 47 (71.2) | 84 (83.2) | χ2(1) = 3.374 | 0.07 |
Living with a caregiver, n (%) | 92 (55.1) | 38 (57.6) | 54 (53.5) | χ2(1) = 0.273 | 0.60 |
No. of people living together, M (SD) | 2.34 (1.28) | 2.44 (1.19) | 2.27 (1.33) | t(165) = 0.853 | 0.40 |
Diagnosis (years), M (SD) | 5.02 (3.25) | 4.74 (3.04) | 5.21 (3.39) | t(165) = −0.904 | 0.37 |
ADL score, M (SD) | 4.11 (1.99) | 4.36 (1.91) | 3.94 (2.03) | t(165) = 1.346 | 0.18 |
IADL score, M (SD) | 1.60 (2.11) | 2.00 (2.46) | 1.34 (1.81) | t(165) = 2.006 | 0.05 |
Characteristics | Full Sample (N = 167) | GX (n = 66) | BB (n = 101) | Statistics | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive symptoms at follow-up, M (SD) | 4.86 (5.37) | 5.65 (5.95) | 4.34 (4.91) | t(165) = 1.543 | 0.13 |
Sense of loss/powerlessness, M (SD) | 57.31 (9.87) | 59.76 (10.04) | 55.70 (9.48) | t(165) = 2.641 | 0.009 |
Sense of provisional meaning, M (SD) | 70.81 (9.36) | 70.12 (9.48) | 71.27 (9.30) | t(165) = −0.772 | 0.44 |
Caregiver burden, M (SD) | 11.16 (2.90) | 11.91 (2.88) | 10.66 (2.83) | t(165) = 2.766 | 0.006 |
Depressive symptoms at baseline, M (SD) | 3.46 (4.05) | 3.48 (4.07) | 3.45 (4.06) | t(165) = 0.061 | 0.95 |
Caregiver distress, M (SD) | 13.71 (9.82) | 14.56 (9.80) | 13.16 (9.85) | t(165) = 0.901 | 0.37 |
Resilience, M (SD) | 35.22 (6.58) | 33.92 (6.25) | 36.06 (6.68) | t(165) = −2.070 | 0.040 |
Adaptation period, n (%) | χ2(3) = 6.177 | 0.10 | |||
0–3 months | 51 (30.5) | 14 (21.2) | 37 (36.6) | ||
4–6.5 months | 36 (21.6) | 18 (27.3) | 18 (17.8) | ||
7–12 months | 44 (26.3) | 21 (31.8) | 23 (22.8) | ||
13 months or above | 36 (21.6) | 13 (19.7) | 23 (22.8) | ||
NPS severity, M (SD) | 11.60 (6.77) | 11.73 (6.74) | 11.52 (6.82) | t(165) = 0.189 | 0.85 |
Solution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Configuration | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Generation | ● | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | |
Caregiver condition | ||||||
Sense of loss/powerlessness | ● | ● | ● | ● | ⊗ | ● |
Sense of provisional meaning | ⊗ | ● | ● | ● | ||
Caregiver burden | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Depressive symptoms at baseline | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Caregiver distress | ● | ⊗ | ● | ⊗ | ● | |
Resilience | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | |||
Adaptation period | ● | ● | ⊗ | ● | ● | ⊗ |
Care recipient condition | ||||||
NPS Severity | ● | ⊗ | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Overall solution consistency | 0.867 | |||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.488 |
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Lou, V.W.; Cheng, C.Y.M.; Yu, D.S.F.; Wong, D.F.K.; Lai, D.W.L.; Chong, A.M.L.; Chen, S.; Chou, K.L. Meaning Making as a Lifebuoy in Dementia Caregiving: Predicting Depression from a Generation Perspective Using a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315711
Lou VW, Cheng CYM, Yu DSF, Wong DFK, Lai DWL, Chong AML, Chen S, Chou KL. Meaning Making as a Lifebuoy in Dementia Caregiving: Predicting Depression from a Generation Perspective Using a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315711
Chicago/Turabian StyleLou, Vivian Weiqun, Clio Yuen Man Cheng, Doris Sau Fung Yu, Daniel Fu Keung Wong, Daniel W. L. Lai, Alice Ming Lin Chong, Shuangzhou Chen, and Kee Lee Chou. 2022. "Meaning Making as a Lifebuoy in Dementia Caregiving: Predicting Depression from a Generation Perspective Using a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15711. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315711