Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Assessments
2.3.1. Risk of Malnutrition
2.3.2. Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition
2.3.3. Muscle Mass
2.3.4. Muscle Strength
2.3.5. Physical Performance
2.3.6. Sarcopenia
2.3.7. Dietary Diversity
2.3.8. Cognitive Status
2.4. Ethics Statement
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia
3.3. Factors Associated with Nutritional Risk
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. Aging and Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Ge, Y.F.; Wang, L.J.; Feng, W.M.; Zhang, B.Z.; Liu, S.L.; Ke, Y.H. Challenges and Strategic Options for Healthy Aging in China. J. Manag. World 2020, 7, 2002611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimoda, T.; Suzuki, T.; Takahashi, N.; Tsutsumi, K.; Samukawa, M.; Yoshimachi, S.; Goto, T.; Enomoto, H.; Kise, N.; Ogasawara, K.; et al. Nutritional Status and Body Composition of Independently Living Older Adults in a Snowy Region of Japan. Gerontol. Geriatr. Med. 2017, 3, 2333721417706854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, Y.S.; Hong, H.P.; Ryu, S.R.; Lee, S.; Shin, W.S. Effects of textured food masticatory performance in older people with different dental conditions. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hägglund, P.; Gustafsson, M.; Lövheim, H. Oropharyngeal dysphagia and associated factors among individuals living in nursing homes in northern Sweden in 2007 and 2013. BMC Geriatr. 2022, 22, 421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.S.; Kim, D.K.; Lee, S.Y.; Park, K.H. The effect of aging on mastication and swallowing parameters according to the hardness change of solid food. J. Texture Stud. 2017, 48, 362–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Yang, S.; Zhao, H.; Li, R.; Luo, W.; Zhang, X. Self-Efficacy, Exercise Anticipation and Physical Activity in Elderly: Using Bayesian Networks to Elucidate Complex Relationships. Patient Prefer Adher. 2022, 16, 1819–1829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beck, A.M.; Dent, E.; Baldwin, C. Nutritional intervention as part of functional rehabilitation in older people with reduced functional ability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet 2016, 29, 733–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, A.L.; Franklin, M.; Bradshaw, L.; Logan, P.; Elliott, R.; Gladman, J.R. Health status of UK care home residents: A cohort study. Age Ageing 2014, 43, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- O’Shea, E.; Trawley, S.; Manning, E.; Barrett, A.; Browne, V.; Timmons, S. Malnutrition in Hospitalised Older Adults: A Multicentre Observational Study of Prevalence, Associations and Outcomes. J. Nutr. Health Ageing 2017, 21, 830–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lutz, M.; Petzold, G.; Albala, C. Considerations for the Development of Innovative Foods to Improve Nutrition in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volkert, D.; Beck, A.M.; Cederholm, T.; Cereda, E.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.; Goisser, S.; de Groot, L.; Großhauser, F.; Kiesswetter, E.; Norman, K.; et al. Management of Malnutrition in Older Patients-Current Approaches, Evidence and Open Questions. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kruizenga, H.; van Keeken, S.; Weijs, P.; Bastiaanse, L.; Beijer, S.; Huisman-de Waal, G.; Jager-Wittenaar, H.; Jonkers-Schuitema, C.; Klos, M.; Remijnse-Meester, W.; et al. Undernutrition screening survey in 564,063 patients: Patients with a positive undernutrition screening score stay in hospital 1.4 d longer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 103, 1026–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chai, P.P.; Zhang, Y.H.; Wan, Q.; Wang, X.F.; Fang, Z.D.; Zhang, M. The economic burden of disease in malnutrition in the elderly in China. Chin. Health Econ. 2016, 27, 407–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.H.; Fan, L.L.; Chai, P.P.; Partridge, J.; Xu, L.; Li, X.Q.; Goates, S. Analysis of the impact of geriatric malnutrition on treatment service utilization and costs. Chin. Health Econ. 2017, 6, e000471. [Google Scholar]
- Rasheed, S.; Woods, R.T. An investigation into the association between nutritional status and quality of life in older people admitted to hospital. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet 2014, 27, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leslie, W.; Hankey, C. Aging, Nutritional Status and Health. Healthcare 2015, 3, 648–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Baeyens, J.P.; Bauer, J.M.; Boirie, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Landi, F.; Martin, F.C.; Michel, J.P.; Rolland, Y.; Schneider, S.M.; et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010, 39, 412–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dhillon, R.J.; Hasni, S. Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 2017, 33, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Donini, L.M.; Busetto, L.; Bauer, J.M.; Bischoff, S.; Boirie, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Dicker, D.; Frühbeck, G.; Giustina, A.; et al. Critical appraisal of definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity based on a systematic review. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 39, 2368–2388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Government, C. Aging Career Development and Elderly Service System Planning. Available online: https://www.mca.gov.cn/article/xw/mtbd/202202/20220200039833.shtml (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Kaiser, M.J.; Bauer, J.M.; Rämsch, C.; Uter, W.; Guigoz, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Thomas, D.R.; Anthony, P.S.; Charlton, K.E.; Maggio, M.; et al. Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: A multinational perspective using the mini nutritional assessment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2010, 58, 1734–1738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, Y.J.; Wu, J.Q.; Liu, G.X.; Hu, S.; Chen, B.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.Y.; Yu, P.L.; Zhang, C.T.; Wu, J.H. Chinese expert consensus on prevention and intervention for theelderly with malnutrition (2022). Chin. J. Geriatr. 2022, 5, 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huppertz, V.A.L.; Halfens, R.J.G.; van Helvoort, A.; de Groot, L.; Baijens, L.W.J.; Schols, J. Association between Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Malnutrition in Dutch Nursing Home Residents: Results of the National Prevalence Measurement of Quality of Care. J. Nutr. Health Ageing 2018, 22, 1246–1252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sahin, S.; Tasar, P.T.; Simsek, H.; Çicek, Z.; Eskiizmirli, H.; Aykar, F.S.; Sahin, F.; Akcicek, F. Prevalence of anemia and malnutrition and their association in elderly nursing home residents. Ag. Clin. Exp. Res. 2016, 28, 857–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hickson, M. Malnutrition and ageing. Postgrad Med. J. 2006, 82, 2–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davidson, J.; Getz, M. Nutritional risk and body composition in free-living elderly participating in congregate meal-site programs. J. Nutr. Elder 2004, 24, 53–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guigoz, Y.; Vellas, B.; Garry, P.J. Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: The Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. Nutr. Rev. 1996, 54, S59–S65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Group, C.M.A.G.N.S. Guidelines for the application of parenteral and enteral nutrition in elderly Chinese patients. Chin. J. Geriatr. 2020, 24, 336–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubenstein, L.Z.; Harker, J.O.; Salvà, A.; Guigoz, Y.; Vellas, B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: Developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56, M366–M372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, X.Y.; Liu, X.Q. Reliability and validity evaluation of the Mini-Nutrition Assessment Form and the Nutrition Screening Form. Milit. Nurs. 2010, 21, 691–697. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, L.K.; Woo, J.; Assantachai, P.; Auyeung, T.W.; Chou, M.Y.; Iijima, K.; Jang, H.C.; Kang, L.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2020, 21, 300–307.e302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rathnayake, K.M.; Madushani, P.; Silva, K. Use of dietary diversity score as a proxy indicator of nutrient adequacy of rural elderly people in Sri Lanka. BMC Res. Notes 2012, 5, 469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McKhann, G.; Drachman, D.; Folstein, M.; Katzman, R.; Price, D.; Stadlan, E.M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 1984, 34, 939–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Shen, Y.C.; Chen, C.H.; Li, S.R.; Zhang, W.X.; Liu, M. A pilot study of the Simple Mental State Checklist in different populations. Chin. Ment. Health J. 1989, 5, e23432. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.; Edwards, B.J. Malnutrition in Older Adults with Cancer. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2019, 21, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bamia, C.; Orfanos, P.; Juerges, H.; Schottker, B.; Brenner, H.; Lorbeer, R.; Aadahl, M.; Matthews, C.E.; Klinaki, E.; Katsoulis, M.; et al. Self-rated health and all-cause and cause-specific mortality of older adults: Individual data meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in the CHANCES Consortium. Maturitas 2017, 103, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, B.; Huang, Q.M.; Liu, H.; Zhang, X.H.; Yin, X.H.; Li, Q.C.; Huang, L.M. Nutritional status and influencing factors of elderly people in nursing institutions in Hangzhou in 2019. J. Hygiene Res. 2020, 19, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azzolino, D.; Damanti, S.; Bertagnoli, L.; Lucchi, T.; Cesari, M. Sarcopenia and swallowing disorders in older people. Ag. Clin. Exp. Res. 2019, 31, 799–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Lima Alvarenga, E.H.; Dall’Oglio, G.P.; Murano, E.Z.; Abrahão, M. Continuum theory: Presbyphagia to dysphagia? Functional assessment of swallowing in the elderly. Eur. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018, 275, 443–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kehoe, L.; Walton, J.; Flynn, A. Nutritional challenges for older adults in Europe: Current status and future directions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2019, 78, 221–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jyväkorpi, S.K.; Lindström, M.; Suominen, M.H.; Kautiainen, H.; Salminen, K.; Niskanen, R.T.; Pitkälä, K.H.; Roitto, H.M. Relationship between frailty, nutrition, body composition, quality of life, and gender in institutionalized older people. Ageing Clin. Exp. Res. 2022, 34, 1357–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Liao, J.; Pan, X.; Liang, D.; Zeng, J.; Sun, M.; Luo, X.; Ma, X.; Yin, M.; Ni, J. How to make more people adopt healthy behaviors? Assessing health literacy, health promoting lifestyle and their association of community residents in Shenzhen, China. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 900883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crichton, M.; Craven, D.; Mackay, H.; Marx, W.; de van der Schueren, M.; Marshall, S. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition: Associations with geographical region and sex. Age Ageing 2019, 48, 38–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira Machado, R.S.; Santa Cruz Coelho, M.A. Risk of malnutrition among Brazilian institutionalized elderly: A study with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. J. Nutr. Health Ageing 2011, 15, 532–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Groen, W.G.; Kuijpers, W.; Oldenburg, H.S.; Wouters, M.W.; Aaronson, N.K.; van Harten, W.H. Empowerment of Cancer Survivors Through Information Technology: An Integrative Review. J. Med. Int. Res. 2015, 17, e270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, M.; Wang, S.; Li, J.; Gao, J.; Huang, L.Q.; Wang, K.F. Nutritional status and influencing factors of older people in nursing homes in Jinan City. Chin. J. Gerontol. 2019, 39, 5120–5124. [Google Scholar]
- Zgheib, E.; Ramia, E.; Hallit, S.; Boulos, C.; Salameh, P. Factors Associated with Functional Disability Among Lebanese Elderly Living in Rural Areas: Role of Polypharmacy, Alcohol Consumption, and Nutrition-based on the Aging and Malnutrition in Elderly Lebanese (AMEL) Study. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 2018, 8, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smoliner, C.; Norman, K.; Wagner, K.H.; Hartig, W.; Lochs, H.; Pirlich, M. Malnutrition and depression in the institutionalised elderly. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102, 1663–1667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arimond, M.; Wiesmann, D.; Becquey, E.; Carriquiry, A.; Daniels, M.C.; Deitchler, M.; Fanou-Fogny, N.; Joseph, M.L.; Kennedy, G.; Martin-Prevel, Y.; et al. Simple food group diversity indicators predict micronutrient adequacy of women’s diets in 5 diverse, resource-poor settings. J. Nutr. 2010, 140, 2059s–2069s. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chatindiara, I.; Williams, V.; Sycamore, E.; Richter, M.; Allen, J.; Wham, C. Associations between nutrition risk status, body composition and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2019, 43, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roberts, H.C.; Denison, H.J.; Martin, H.J.; Patel, H.P.; Syddall, H.; Cooper, C.; Sayer, A.A. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 2011, 40, 423–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Total, n (%) | Nutrition Risk Status | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Nutritional Status, n (%) | At risk of Malnutrition or Malnourished, n (%) | |||
All participants | 386 | 261 (67.6) | 125 (32.4) | |
Sex | ns a | |||
Male | 167 (43.3) | 119 (45.6) | 48 (38.4) | |
Female | 219 (56.7) | 142 (54.4) | 77 (61.6) | |
Age | 0.043 a | |||
60–69 | 55 (14.2) | 43 (16.5) | 12 (9.6) | |
70–79 | 94 (24.4) | 66 (25.3) | 28 (22.4) | |
80–89 | 181 (46.9) | 122 (46.7) | 59 (47.2) | |
≥90 | 56 (14.5) | 30 (11.5) | 26 (20.8) | |
Educational level | ns a | |||
Primary | 182 (47.2) | 114 (43.7) | 68 (54.4) | |
Secondary | 163 (42.2) | 119 (45.6) | 44 (35.2) | |
Tertiary | 41 (10.6) | 28 (10.7) | 13 (10.4) | |
Marital status | ns a | |||
Single | 32 (8.3) | 21 (8.0) | 11 (8.8) | |
Married | 101 (26.2) | 76 (29.1) | 25 (20.0) | |
Divorced/Widowed | 253 (65.5) | 164 (62.8) | 89 (71.2) | |
Time living in the nursing home (year) | ns a | |||
<1 | 143 (37.0) | 97 (37.2) | 46 (36.8) | |
1–3 | 165 (42.7) | 104 (39.8) | 61 (48.8) | |
4–6 | 25 (6.5) | 20 (7.7) | 5 (4.0) | |
>6 | 53 (13.7) | 40 (15.3) | 13 (10.4) | |
Number of children | 0.008 a | |||
None | 55 (14.2) | 31 (11.9) | 24 (19.2) | |
1 | 55 (14.2) | 46 (17.6) | 9 (7.2) | |
≥2 | 276 (71.5) | 184 (70.5) | 92 (73.6) | |
Sources of pensions | ns a | |||
Self/Spouse | 208 (53.9) | 147 (56.3) | 61 (48.8) | |
Children/Grandchildren | 123 (31.9) | 81 (31.0) | 42 (33.6) | |
Government/Collective | 55 (14.2) | 33 (12.6) | 22 (17.6) | |
Living Arrangements | ns a | |||
Single room | 186 (48.2) | 123 (47.1) | 63 (50.4) | |
Multi-bed room | 200 (43.3) | 138 (52.9) | 62 (49.6) | |
Health-related and anthropometric characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p value |
Tooth loss affects food intake | 0.002 a | |||
Yes | 188 (48.7) | 113 (43.3) | 75 (60.0) | |
No | 198 (51.3) | 148 (56.7) | 50 (40.0) | |
Self-care status | <0.001 a | |||
Completely self-care | 281 (72.8) | 209 (80.1) | 72 (57.6) | |
Need help | 105 (27.2) | 52 (19.9) | 53 (42.4) | |
Medication | ns a | |||
Yes | 278 (72.0) | 190 (72.8) | 88 (70.4) | |
No | 108 (28.0) | 71 (27.2) | 37 (29.6) | |
Number of Comorbidities | ns a | |||
<3 | 341 (88.3) | 231 (88.5) | 110 (88.0) | |
≥3 | 45 (11.7) | 30 (11.5) | 15 (12.0) | |
Cognitive status | ns a | |||
Normal | 211 (54.7) | 151 (57.9) | 60 (48.0) | |
Abnormal < 24 | 175 (45.3) | 110 (42.1) | 65 (52.0) | |
Dietary diversity | <0.001 a | |||
Adequate | 349 (90.4) | 248 (95.0) | 101 (80.8) | |
Moderate/insufficient | 37 (9.6) | 13 (5.0) | 24 (19.2) | |
Sarcopenia | <0.001 a | |||
Yes | 192 (49.7) | 153 (58.6) | 41 (32.8) | |
No | 194 (50.3) | 108 (41.4) | 84 (67.2) | |
Muscle mass | <0.001 a | |||
Healthy muscle mass | 191 (49.5) | 150 (57.5) | 41 (32.8) | |
Low muscle mass | 195 (50.5) | 111 (42.5) | 84 (67.2) | |
Muscle strength | ns a | |||
Healthy muscle strength | 43 (11.1) | 34 (13.0) | 9 (7.2) | |
Low muscle strength | 343 (88.9) | 227 (87.0) | 116 (92.8) | |
Physical performance | 0.006 a | |||
Healthy gait speed | 47 (12.2) | 40 (15.3) | 7 (5.6) | |
Low gait speed | 339 (87.8) | 221 (84.7) | 118 (94.4) | |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | p value | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.57 (3.9) | 24.10 (3.30) | 21.30 (4.40) | <0.001 b |
Protein (kg) | 7.20 (1.49) | 7.30 (1.80) | 6.40 (1.70) | <0.001 b |
BFM (kg) | 20.33 (7.18) | 21.60 (7.95) | 16.40 (8.05) | <0.001 b |
PBF (%) | 34.69 (7.50) | 35.90 (8.85) | 31.90 (10.40) | <0.001 b |
Minerals (kg) | 2.60 (0.46) | 2.63 (0.60) | 2.41 (0.53) | <0.001 b |
SMI (kg/m2) | 6.21 (1.06) | 6.40 (1.40) | 5.60 (1.50) | <0.001 b |
TBW (L) | 27.30 (7.00) | 28.00 (7.00) | 24.70 (7.00) | <0.001 b |
CC (cm) | 33.44 (4.10) | 34.00 (3.52) | 31.70 (5.07) | <0.001 b |
UAC (cm) | 26.67 (3.63) | 27.25 (3.35) | 25.35 (3.43) | <0.001 b |
Subgroup | Crude RR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.010 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.008 |
Number of children | ||||
None | ||||
1 | 0.38 (0.19–0.73) | 0.004 | 0.27 (0.13–0.55) | <0.001 |
≥2 | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | ns | 0.44 (0.25–1.04) | ns |
Sarcopenia | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | 2.07 (1.51–2.84) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.35–2.62) | <0.001 |
Muscle mass | ||||
Healthy muscle mass | ||||
Low muscle mass | 2.01 (1.46–2.75) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.33–2.57) | <0.001 |
Physical performance | ||||
Healthy gait speed | ||||
Low gait speed | 2.34 (1.16–4.70) | 0.017 | 1.74 (0.84–3.61) | ns |
Tooth loss affecting food intake | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | 1.58 (1.17–2.13) | 0.003 | 1.45 (1.06–1.97) | 0.018 |
Self-care status | ||||
Completely self-care | ||||
Need help | 1.97 (1.50–2.59) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.36–2.44) | <0.001 |
Dietary diversity | ||||
Adequate | ||||
Moderate/insufficient | 2.24 (1.68–2.99) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.50–2.78) | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.81 (0.78–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | <0.001 |
Protein | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.001 |
BFM | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | <0.001 |
PBF | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <0.001 |
Minerals | 0.61 (0.41–0.90) | 0.013 | 0.77 (0.47–1.25) | ns |
SMI | 0.67 (0.58–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.54–0.77) | <0.001 |
TBW | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.003 |
CC | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.85–0.94) | <0.001 |
UAC | 0.85 (0.80–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | <0.001 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hua, N.; Zhang, Y.; Tan, X.; Liu, L.; Mo, Y.; Yao, X.; Wang, X.; Wiley, J.; Wang, X. Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 17013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417013
Hua N, Zhang Y, Tan X, Liu L, Mo Y, Yao X, Wang X, Wiley J, Wang X. Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):17013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417013
Chicago/Turabian StyleHua, Nan, Yifan Zhang, Xiangmin Tan, Li Liu, Yihan Mo, Xuemei Yao, Xiuhua Wang, James Wiley, and Xiaoqing Wang. 2022. "Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 17013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417013