Going Online?—Can Online Exercise Classes during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns Replace in-Person Offers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Recruitment
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Awareness of Online Exercise Classes
3.3. Use of Online Exercise Classes
3.4. Users’ Opinions towards Online Exercise Classes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sex | female | 708 | 71.3 |
male | 285 | 28.7 | |
Age | ≥50 years | 460 | 46.3 |
<50 years | 533 | 53.7 | |
BMI | ≥30 kg/m2 | 118 | 11.9 |
<30 kg/m2 | 875 | 88.1 | |
Education | <Bachelor | 306 | 30.8 |
≥Bachelor | 687 | 69.2 | |
PA level (WHO) | inactive | 701 | 70.6 |
active | 292 | 29.4 | |
Well-being (WHO-5) | <50 points | 465 | 46.8 |
≥50 points | 528 | 53.2 | |
OEC awareness | no | 208 | 20.9 |
yes | 785 | 79.1 | |
OEC use | no | 249 | 25.1 |
yes | 536 | 54.0 | |
Use < 1 per week | 262 | 26.4 | |
Use 1–2 per week | 188 | 18.9 | |
Use ≥ 3 per week | 85 | 8.6 | |
No answer | 1 | 0.1 |
OEC Not Aware | OEC Aware | X2 (993, 1) | p-Value | ES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | female | 17.2% | 82.8% | 20.560 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
male | 30.2% | 69.8% | ||||
Age (years) | ≥50 | 27.2% | 72.8% | 20.070 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
<50 | 15.6% | 84.4% | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | ≥30 | 30.5% | 69.5% | 7.394 | 0.007 | 0.09 |
<30 | 19.7% | 80.3% | ||||
Education | <Bachelor | 22.2% | 77.8% | 0.435 | 0.510 | 0.02 |
≥Bachelor | 20.4% | 79.6% | ||||
PA | inactive | 25.4% | 74.6% | 28.453 | <0.001 | 0.17 |
active | 10.3% | 89.7% | ||||
Well-being (WHO-5 pts.) | <50 | 22.8% | 77.2% | 1.806 | 0.179 | 0.04 |
≥50 | 19.3% | 80.7% |
Dependent: | OEC Awareness | β | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 993 | Lower | Upper | ||||
Sex | female vs. male | 1.430 | <0.001 | 4.179 | 3.188 | 5.477 |
Age | 50 or older vs. younger | −0.078 | 0.587 | 0.925 | 0.699 | 1.224 |
BMI | obese vs. BMI < 30 | −0.270 | 0.239 | 0.763 | 0.486 | 1.197 |
Education | non-academic vs. academic | 0.106 | 0.535 | 1.112 | 0.796 | 1.553 |
PA (WHO) | inactive vs. Active | 0.091 | 0.521 | 1.095 | 0.830 | 1.444 |
Well-being (WHO-5) | depressive vs. non-depressive | 0.236 | 0.115 | 1.266 | 0.944 | 1.697 |
OEC No Use | OEC Use | X2 (785, 1) | p-Value | ES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | female (%) | 25.9% | 74.1% | 35.672 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
male (%) | 48.7% | 51.3% | ||||
Age (years) | ≥50 (%) | 35.5% | 64.5% | 3.902 | 0.048 | 0.07 |
<50 (%) | 28.9% | 71.1% | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | ≥30 (%) | 43.9% | 56.1% | 6.275 | 0.012 | 0.09 |
<30 (%) | 30.3% | 69.7% | ||||
Education | <Bachelor (%) | 35.3% | 64.7% | 2.015 | 0.156 | 0.05 |
≥Bachelor (%) | 30.2% | 69.8% | ||||
PA | inactive (%) | 39.0% | 61.0% | 38.408 | <0.001 | 0.22 |
active (%) | 17.2% | 82.8% | ||||
Well-being (WHO-5 pts.) | <50 (%) | 30.9% | 69.1% | 0.196 | 0.658 | 0.02 |
≥50 (%) | 32.4% | 67.6% |
Frequency of OEC Use | Inactive | Active | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Missing | counts | 0 | 1 | 1 |
% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | |
<1/week | counts | 134 | 128 | 262 |
% | 51.1% | 46.7% | 48.9% | |
1–2/week | counts | 96 | 92 | 188 |
% | 36.6% | 33.6% | 35.1% | |
≥3/week | counts | 32 | 53 | 85 |
% | 12.2% | 19.3% | 15.9% | |
Total | counts | 262 | 274 | 536 |
% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Dependent: | OEC Use | β | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 785 | Lower | Upper | ||||
Sex | female vs. male | 1.501 | <0.001 | 4.486 | 3.316 | 6.069 |
Age | 50 or older vs. younger | −0.043 | 0.782 | 0.958 | 0.707 | 1.298 |
BMI | obese vs. BMI < 30 | −0.402 | 0.114 | 0.669 | 0.407 | 1.101 |
Education | non-academic vs. academic | −0.215 | 0.221 | 0.807 | 0.572 | 1.138 |
PA (WHO) | inactive vs. active | −0.671 | <0.001 | 0.511 | 0.377 | 0.693 |
Well-being (WHO-5) | depressive vs. non-depressive | 0.344 | 0.028 | 1.410 | 1.037 | 1.918 |
Opinion | Spearman | Sex | Age | BMI | Education Level | PA (Active/Inactive) | Well-Being | OEC Use Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexible time management | rho | 0.107 | 0.043 | 0.080 | −0.111 | −0.158 | −0.158 | −0.294 |
p-value | 0.013 | 0.321 | 0.064 | 0.010 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Lacking interaction with exercisers | rho | −0.080 | 0.071 | −0.059 | 0.070 | 0.053 | 0.135 | 0.129 |
p-value | 0.065 | 0.099 | 0.174 | 0.105 | 0.221 | 0.002 | 0.003 | |
Lower motivation | rho | −0.131 | 0.101 | −0.010 | 0.093 | 0.184 | 0.121 | 0.317 |
p-value | 0.002 | 0.019 | 0.820 | 0.032 | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |
Lacking instructor’s support | rho | −0.028 | −0.029 | −0.102 | 0.066 | 0.147 | 0.174 | 0.177 |
p-value | 0.518 | 0.509 | 0.018 | 0.130 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Boringness | rho | −0.171 | 0.002 | −0.079 | 0.021 | 0.187 | 0.179 | 0.420 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.972 | 0.069 | 0.632 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Füzéki, E.; Schröder, J.; Reer, R.; Groneberg, D.A.; Banzer, W. Going Online?—Can Online Exercise Classes during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns Replace in-Person Offers? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041942
Füzéki E, Schröder J, Reer R, Groneberg DA, Banzer W. Going Online?—Can Online Exercise Classes during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns Replace in-Person Offers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041942
Chicago/Turabian StyleFüzéki, Eszter, Jan Schröder, Rüdiger Reer, David A. Groneberg, and Winfried Banzer. 2022. "Going Online?—Can Online Exercise Classes during COVID-19-Related Lockdowns Replace in-Person Offers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041942