Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Ecological Environment Quality in China’s North-South Transitional Zone
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Processing
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Selection of Various Index Factors of RSEI
2.3.2. Construction of Comprehensive Index of Ecological Environment Quality Evaluation
2.3.3. Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis Method of Ecological Environment Quality
2.3.4. Eco-Environmental Quality Index (EQI) Verification
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis Results of RSEI Index in Qinling-Daba Mountains
3.2. The Spatial Distribution Characteristics of RSEI in Qinling-Daba Mountain Area
3.3. The Spatial Differentiation Characteristics of RSEI0 under Different Scale Effects
3.4. Factors Influencing Spatial Heterogeneity of RSEI0 in Qinling-Daba Mountains
4. Discussion
4.1. Verification of the Accuracy of the RSEI Comprehensive Method
4.2. The Rationality of the Selection of Indicators
4.3. Comparative Analysis and Suggestions on Influencing Factors
4.4. Shortcomings and Prospects
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The overall RSEI average value of the Qinling-Daba Mountains reached 0.61, and the ecological environment quality was mostly above the middle level; the greenness contributed the most to the RSEI comprehensive index of the areas, indicating that vegetation coverage plays an important role in the improvement of the ecological environment quality of the areas. Heat has the second-highest contribution to the RSEI index of the area, and it has an inhibitory effect on improving the area’s habitat quality.
- (2)
- The overall distribution of ecological environment quality in the study area in 2017 was quite different, with good and bad being distributed alternately from east to west; the ecological environment quality level decreased from low to high altitude. Low-value areas accounted for a relatively large area in low-altitude land, and high-value areas accounted for a relatively large area in high-altitude areas.
- (3)
- There are scale changes in the spatial clustering of RSEI0. The degree of spatial heterogeneity is the most obvious at a scale of 2 km. The RSEI0 nugget effect is 88%, which is high spatial heterogeneity, mainly affected by structural factors such as slope, relief amplitude, elevation, curvature, annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, annual average relative humidity, the proportion of high-vegetation areas, proportion of construction land area, and average annual population density which have significant effects on the spatial differentiation of RSEI0. Among them, slope and relief amplitude are the main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of the Qinling-Daba Mountains’ ecological environment quality.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Calculation Formula |
---|---|
Greenness | NDVI = (NR − NIR)/(NR + NIR) |
Humidity | WI = 0.1511B + 0.1973G + 0.3283NR + 0.3407NIR − 0.7117M1 − 0.4559M2 |
Bare soil and construction | NDSI = (SI + NDIBI)/2 |
SI = [(M1 + NR) − (NIR + B)]/[(M2 + NR) + (NIR + B)] | |
NDIBI = {2M1/(M1 + NIR) [NIR/(NIR + NR) + G/(G + M1)]}/{2M2/(M2 + NIR) + | |
[NIR/(NIR + NR) + G/(G + M2)]} | |
Land surface temperature | LST = T/[1 + (λT/ρ) lnε] − 273 |
T = B2/ln (B1/Ht + 1) | |
Ht = (Lt − ↑U − V (1 − ε) ↓D)/Vε |
Index | Mean | Standard Deviation | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC1 Load Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.614 | 0.133 | 0.427 | 0.654 | 0.614 |
WI | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.232 | −0.971 | 0.233 | 0.048 | 0.232 |
NDSI | 0.40 | 0.20 | −0.521 | −0.194 | −0.826 | 0.094 | −0.521 |
LST | 0.58 | 0.29 | −0.597 | 0.030 | 0.285 | −0.749 | −0.597 |
Eigenvalues | - | - | 0.193 | 0.023 | 0.005 | 0.004 | - |
Eigenvalue Contribution rate (%) | - | - | 85.41 | 10.29 | 2.31 | 1.99 | - |
RSEI | 0.61 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - |
RSEI Level | Area (km2) | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Very poor (0~0.2) | 3154.5 | 1.11 |
Poor (0.2~0.4) | 12,851.15 | 4.54 |
Middle (0.4~0.6) | 82,487.02 | 29.15 |
Good (0.6~0.8) | 178,672.98 | 63.14 |
Excellent (0.8~1.0) | 5832.89 | 2.06 |
Total | 282,998.54 | 100.00 |
Model | C0 | C0 + C | C/C0 + C | R-Square | RSS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gaussian model | 0.001 | 0.0063 | 83.9 | 0.74 | 2.9 × 10−7 |
Linear model | 0.002 | 0.0071 | 71.0 | 0.34 | 1.7 × 10−7 |
Exponential model | 0.00076 | 0.0064 | 88.0 | 0.80 | 2.3 × 10−7 |
Spherical model | 0.00032 | 0.0060 | 94.9 | 0.74 | 2.9 × 10−7 |
Influencing Factor | Analytic Index | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation |
---|---|---|---|
Terrain factors | Elevation | 0.52 | + |
Slope | 0.62 | + | |
Curvature | 0.10 | + | |
Relief amplitude | 0.56 | + | |
Climatic factors | Average annual temperature | 0.25 | − |
Average annual precipitation | 0.38 | − | |
Annual average relative humidity | 0.18 | + | |
Land use type | Proportion of high vegetation area | 0.37 | + |
Proportion of construction land area | 0.33 | − | |
Proportion of agricultural land area | 0.09 | − | |
Socio-economic factors | Annual average GDP | 0.19 | − |
Population density | 0.22 | − |
Factor Types | Influencing Factor | Detection Index | (q Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Structural factors | Terrain factors | Elevation | 0.528 ** |
Slope | 0.561 ** | ||
Curvature | 0.021 ** | ||
Relief amplitude | 0.653 ** | ||
Climatic factors | Annual average temperature | 0.256 ** | |
Annual average precipitation | 0.312 ** | ||
Annual average relative humidity | 0.230 ** | ||
Randomness factors | Land use type | Proportion of high vegetation area | 0.282 ** |
Proportion of construction land area | 0.135 ** | ||
Proportion of agricultural land area | 0.002 | ||
Socio-economic factors | Annual average GDP | 0.174 | |
Population density | 0.214 ** |
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Yin, H.; Chen, C.; Dong, Q.; Zhang, P.; Chen, Q.; Zhu, L. Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Ecological Environment Quality in China’s North-South Transitional Zone. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042236
Yin H, Chen C, Dong Q, Zhang P, Chen Q, Zhu L. Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Ecological Environment Quality in China’s North-South Transitional Zone. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042236
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Haoran, Chaonan Chen, Qingdong Dong, Pingping Zhang, Quantong Chen, and Lianqi Zhu. 2022. "Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Ecological Environment Quality in China’s North-South Transitional Zone" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042236