Competence in Daily Activities and Mental Well-Being among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Recruitment Procedure
2.4. Variables and Measurement
2.4.1. Outcome: Mental Well-Being
2.4.2. Exposure: Occupational Competence
2.4.3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Other Variables
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Occupational Competence and Importance
3.3. Factors Associated with Mental Well-Being of Technical Intern Trainees in Japan
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Total | Vietnamese | Chinese | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
WHO 1 (mean, SD) | mean 3.54 | SD 1.19 | mean 3.69 | SD 1.10 | mean 3.00 | SD 1.32 |
0 (At no time) | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.2 |
1 (Some of the time) | 40 | 10.4 | 23 | 7.7 | 17 | 19.8 |
2 (Less than half the time) | 18 | 4.7 | 10 | 3.4 | 8 | 9.3 |
3 (More than half the time) | 85 | 22.2 | 70 | 23.6 | 15 | 17.4 |
4 (Most of the time) | 165 | 43.1 | 125 | 42.1 | 40 | 46.5 |
5 (All of the time) | 73 | 19.1 | 69 | 23.2 | 4 | 4.7 |
WHO 2 (mean, SD) | mean 3.29 | SD 1.27 | mean 3.46 | SD 1.22 | mean 2.71 | SD 1.28 |
0 (At no time) | 5 | 1.3 | 3 | 1.0 | 2 | 2.3 |
1 (Some of the time) | 53 | 13.8 | 32 | 10.8 | 21 | 24.4 |
2 (Less than half the time) | 26 | 6.8 | 17 | 5.7 | 9 | 10.5 |
3 (More than half the time) | 93 | 24.3 | 69 | 23.2 | 24 | 27.9 |
4 (Most of the time) | 152 | 39.7 | 124 | 41.8 | 28 | 32.6 |
5 (All of the time) | 54 | 14.1 | 52 | 17.5 | 2 | 2.3 |
WHO 3 (mean, SD) | mean 3.51 | SD 1.22 | mean 3.67 | SD 1.16 | mean 2.93 | SD 1.26 |
0 (At no time) | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.2 |
1 (Some of the time) | 44 | 11.5 | 27 | 9.1 | 17 | 19.8 |
2 (Less than half the time) | 23 | 6.0 | 13 | 4.4 | 10 | 11.6 |
3 (More than half the time) | 85 | 22.2 | 64 | 21.5 | 21 | 24.4 |
4 (Most of the time) | 152 | 39.7 | 119 | 40.1 | 33 | 38.4 |
5 (All of the time) | 78 | 20.4 | 74 | 24.9 | 4 | 4.7 |
WHO 4 (mean, SD) | mean 3.43 | SD 1.32 | mean 3.52 | SD 1.30 | mean 2.58 | SD 1.39 |
0 (At no time) | 6 | 1.6 | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 1.2 |
1 (Some of the time) | 48 | 12.5 | 32 | 10.8 | 16 | 18.6 |
2 (Less than half the time) | 26 | 6.8 | 18 | 6.1 | 8 | 9.3 |
3 (More than half the time) | 79 | 20.6 | 60 | 20.2 | 19 | 22.1 |
4 (Most of the time) | 143 | 37.3 | 114 | 38.4 | 29 | 33.7 |
5 (All of the time) | 81 | 21.1 | 68 | 22.9 | 13 | 15.1 |
WHO 5 (mean, SD) | mean 3.10 | SD 1.37 | mean 3.25 | SD 1.33 | mean 2.06 | SD 1.39 |
0 (At no time) | 7 | 1.8 | 4 | 1.3 | 3 | 3.5 |
1 (Some of the time) | 70 | 18.3 | 45 | 15.2 | 25 | 29.1 |
2 (Less than half the time) | 32 | 8.4 | 23 | 7.7 | 9 | 10.5 |
3 (More than half the time) | 99 | 25.8 | 76 | 25.6 | 23 | 26.7 |
4 (Most of the time) | 118 | 30.8 | 98 | 33.0 | 20 | 23.3 |
5 (All of the time) | 57 | 14.9 | 51 | 17.2 | 6 | 7.0 |
Appendix B
- 1:
- Concentrating on my tasks.
- 2:
- Physically doing what I need to do.
- 3:
- Taking care of the place where I live.
- 4:
- Taking care of myself.
- 5:
- Taking care of others for whom I am responsible.
- 6:
- Getting where I need to go.
- 7:
- Managing my finances.
- 8:
- Managing my basic needs (food, medicine).
- 9:
- Expressing myself to others.
- 10:
- Getting along with others.
- 11:
- Identifying and solving problems.
- 12:
- Relaxing and enjoying myself.
- 13:
- Getting done what I need to do.
- 14:
- Having a satisfying routine.
- 15:
- Handling my responsibilities.
- 16:
- Being involved as a student, worker, volunteer, and/or family member.
- 17:
- Doing activities I like.
- 18:
- Working towards my goals.
- 19:
- Making decisions based on what I think is important.
- 20:
- Accomplishing what I set out to do.
- 21:
- Effectively using my abilities.
Appendix C
Interaction Term | R Squared | p Value |
---|---|---|
Nationality and Age | 0.0810 | 0.584 |
Nationality and Completed education | 0.0828 | 0.838 |
Nationality and Monthly income | 0.0863 | 0.035 |
Nationality and Gender | 0.0667 | 0.491 |
Nationality and Living situation | 0.0722 | 0.741 |
Nationality and Job | 0.0950 | 0.258 |
Nationality and Length of stay | 0.1063 | 0.080 |
Nationality and Prefecture | 0.1130 | 0.096 |
Nationality and Hours of work | 0.0710 | 0.059 |
Nationality and Language level | 0.0679 | 0.257 |
Nationality and Self rated health | 0.1779 | 0.208 |
Nationality and Social support | 0.1737 | 0.827 |
Nationality and COVID-19 impact on job security | 0.0736 | 0.863 |
Nationality and COVID-19 impact on income change | 0.0852 | 0.754 |
Nationality and OSA competence | 0.2221 | 0.234 |
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Total (n = 383) | Chinese (n = 86) | Vietnamese (n = 297) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age, mean (SD) | 24.0 (6.2) | 30.5 (7.6) | 22.2 (4.3) | |||
Gender | ||||||
Man | 155 | 40.5 | 48 | 55.8 | 107 | 36.0 |
Woman | 228 | 59.5 | 38 | 44.2 | 190 | 64.0 |
Completed education | ||||||
Middle school | 32 | 8.4 | 28 | 32.6 | 4 | 1.4 |
High school | 269 | 70.2 | 46 | 53.5 | 223 | 75.1 |
University or above | 82 | 21.4 | 12 | 14.0 | 70 | 23.6 |
Monthly income (Yen) | ||||||
Less than 150,000 | 270 | 70.5 | 31 | 36.0 | 239 | 80.5 |
150,000 and more | 113 | 29.5 | 55 | 64.0 | 58 | 19.5 |
Living situation | ||||||
Live alone | 29 | 7.6 | 8 | 9.3 | 21 | 7.1 |
Live with family or others | 354 | 92.4 | 78 | 90.7 | 276 | 92.9 |
Length of Stay | ||||||
Less than 1 year | 114 | 29.8 | 17 | 19.8 | 97 | 32.7 |
1–2 years | 118 | 30.8 | 38 | 44.2 | 80 | 26.9 |
2–3 years | 94 | 24.5 | 17 | 19.8 | 77 | 25.9 |
More than 3 years | 57 | 14.9 | 14 | 16.3 | 43 | 14.5 |
Job | ||||||
Farming/fishery | 12 | 3.1 | 3 | 3.5 | 9 | 3.0 |
Manufacturing | 217 | 56.7 | 19 | 22.1 | 198 | 66.7 |
Construction | 126 | 32.9 | 47 | 54.7 | 79 | 26.6 |
Care worker/Services | 28 | 7.3 | 17 | 19.8 | 11 | 3.7 |
Prefecture | ||||||
Hokkaido/Tohoku | 27 | 7.1 | 11 | 12.8 | 16 | 5.4 |
Kanto | 176 | 46.0 | 40 | 46.5 | 136 | 45.8 |
Chubu | 77 | 20.1 | 10 | 11.6 | 67 | 22.6 |
Kinki | 79 | 20.6 | 17 | 19.7 | 62 | 20.9 |
Others | 24 | 6.3 | 8 | 9.3 | 16 | 5.4 |
Hours of work (hours/day) | ||||||
Less than 8 h | 24 | 6.3 | 5 | 5.8 | 19 | 6.40 |
8 h | 298 | 77.8 | 67 | 77.9 | 231 | 77.8 |
More than 8 h | 61 | 15.9 | 14 | 16.3 | 47 | 15.8 |
Language level | ||||||
None/A little | 192 | 50.1 | 69 | 80.2 | 123 | 41.4 |
Moderate/Fluent | 191 | 49.9 | 17 | 19.8 | 174 | 58.6 |
Social support | ||||||
Never/Rarely | 77 | 20.1 | 16 | 18.6 | 61 | 20.5 |
Sometimes | 184 | 48.0 | 37 | 43.0 | 147 | 49.5 |
Always/Usually | 122 | 31.9 | 33 | 38.4 | 89 | 30.0 |
Self-rated health | ||||||
Very bad/Bad | 13 | 3.4 | 7 | 8.1 | 6 | 2.0 |
Very good/Good | 370 | 96.6 | 79 | 91.9 | 291 | 98.0 |
COVID-19 impact on: | ||||||
Job security | ||||||
Sustained | 348 | 90.9 | 83 | 96.5 | 265 | 89.2 |
Suspended/Terminated | 35 | 9.0 | 3 | 3.5 | 32 | 10.8 |
Income change | ||||||
Increase | 66 | 17.2 | 16 | 18.6 | 50 | 16.8 |
Decrease | 107 | 27.9 | 33 | 38.4 | 74 | 24.9 |
Same | 210 | 54.8 | 37 | 43.0 | 173 | 58.3 |
WHO-5, mean (SD) | 67.5 (21.3) | 57.5 (23.4) | 70.4 (19.8) | |||
OSA competence, mean (SD) | 58.1 (8.5) | 59.3 (9.4) | 57.8 (8.2) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 (Final Model) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | Coef. | (95% CI) | β | |
OSA competence | 0.93 *** | 0.99 *** | 0.76 ** | 0.76 ** | (0.52, 1.00) | 0.31 |
Nationality (ref. Chinese) | ||||||
Vietnamese | 19.35 *** | 17.33 ** | 17.75 ** | (12.14, 23.36) | 0.35 | |
Age | 0.44 ** | 0.38 * | 0.37 * | (0.16, 0.59) | 0.11 | |
Gender (ref. Woman) | ||||||
Man | −2.70 | −1.50 | −1.51 | (−3.78, 0.76) | −0.03 | |
Completed education | ||||||
(ref. Middle school) | ||||||
High school | −6.81 | −5.60 | −4.81 | (−10.91, 1.29) | −0.10 | |
University or above | −1.45 | −2.07 | −1.18 | (−5.19, 2.83) | −0.02 | |
Monthly income (Yen) | ||||||
(ref. Less than 149,999) | ||||||
150,000 and more | 0.93 | 0.95 | 1.03 | (−4.39, 6.44) | 0.02 | |
Living arrangement (ref. Live alone) | ||||||
Live with family/others | 4.24 | 4.85 | 4.51 | (−6.01, 15.02) | 0.06 | |
Length of stay (ref. More than 3 years) | ||||||
Less than 1 year | 0.91 | 2.55 | 3.11 | (−1.41, 7.63) | 0.07 | |
1–2 years | 0.26 | 0.75 | 1.00 | (−0.36, 2.36) | 0.02 | |
2–3 years | 4.60 | 6.11 | 6.06 | (−0.81, 12.98) | 0.12 | |
Language level (ref. None/A little) | ||||||
Moderate/Fluent | −0.55 | −0.41 | −0.35 | (−5.46, 4.77) | −0.01 | |
Social support (ref. Always/Usually) | ||||||
Sometimes | −7.26 ** | −7.43 ** | (−11.48, −3.39) | −0.17 | ||
Never/Rarely | −16.41 ** | −16.81 ** | (−26.43, −7.19) | −0.32 | ||
Self-rated health (ref. Very bad/Bad) | ||||||
Very good/Good | 27.35 * | 27.24 * | (10.97, 43.52) | 0.23 | ||
COVID-19 impact on: | ||||||
Job security | ||||||
(ref. Suspended/Terminated) | ||||||
Sustained | 4.22 | (−9.79, 18.23) | 0.06 | |||
Income change (ref. Decreased) | ||||||
Increase | −4.17 | (−13.43, 5.10) | −0.07 | |||
Same | −3.05 | (−8.67, 2.57) | −0.07 | |||
R2 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.40 | ||
ΔR2 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
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Arita, K.; Shibanuma, A.; Carandang, R.R.; Jimba, M. Competence in Daily Activities and Mental Well-Being among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063189
Arita K, Shibanuma A, Carandang RR, Jimba M. Competence in Daily Activities and Mental Well-Being among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063189
Chicago/Turabian StyleArita, Kuniko, Akira Shibanuma, Rogie Royce Carandang, and Masamine Jimba. 2022. "Competence in Daily Activities and Mental Well-Being among Technical Intern Trainees in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063189