Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Centers Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Analytical Approach
2.3.1. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)
2.3.2. Incremental Spatial Autocorrelation (ISA)
- To estimate the spatial autocorrelation, first, a default minimum distance is chosen. The ISA technique then evaluates the distance between features to ensure that each segment has a neighbor. In this research, 2 km (kilometers) was set as the default distance for the ISA technique. The spatial autocorrelation values are then computed by increasing the distance incrementally.
- The ideal threshold distance is the one with the highest Z-score. The threshold distance in this investigation was determined to be 2 km. This determined distance was utilized in the spatial mechanisms to generate clustering in the data.
2.3.3. Hotspot Analysis
2.3.4. Hotspot Selection Criteria
2.3.5. Weighted Overlay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Sites in the Year 2020 in Jeddah
3.2. Statistical Significance Analysis for Spatial-Pattern Discovery
3.3. Results Validation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | GIS Data Type | Data Format | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Jeddah base map | Pixel | Raster | Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, |
CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, | |||
IGN, and the GIS User Community | |||
Vaccination centers | Point | Vector | Saudi Ministry of Health |
Population distribution | Polygon | Vector | Jeddah Municipality |
Districts distribution | Polygon | Vector | Jeddah Municipality |
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Faisal, K.; Alshammari, S.; Alotaibi, R.; Alhothali, A.; Bamasag, O.; Alghanmi, N.; Bin Yamin, M. Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Centers Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063526
Faisal K, Alshammari S, Alotaibi R, Alhothali A, Bamasag O, Alghanmi N, Bin Yamin M. Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Centers Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063526
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaisal, Kamil, Sultanah Alshammari, Reem Alotaibi, Areej Alhothali, Omaimah Bamasag, Nusaybah Alghanmi, and Manal Bin Yamin. 2022. "Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Centers Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063526