Perceived Environmental Attributes: Their Impact on Older Adults’ Mental Health in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Home and Neighborhood Environment
1.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents and Study Area
2.2. Variables Used
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- MH = Self-reported mental health status;
- H = Home environment;
- A = Accessibility;
- PC = Pedestrian connectivity;
- S = Neighborhood safety;
- EQ = Environmental qualities;
- NP = Neighborhood problems;
- D = Demographic characteristics of respondents
- a = constant; and
- b1, b2, …, b7 = coefficients to be computed
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Coding | CR, AVE | |
---|---|---|---|
Home environment [6,55] | How well are your housing needs met? H1: Kitchen and laundry facilities H2: Ventilation and brightness of the unit H3: Bathroom and toilet H4: Outdoor housing conditions (i.e., building structure, drainage) | 1 = poor 2 = average 3 = good 4 = excellent | CR = 0.920 AVE = 0.743 |
Accessibility [56] | A1: Stores are within easy walking distance of my home A2: Many places are within easy walking distance of my house. A3: It is easy to walk to a transit stop (bus, train) from my home A4: I can do most of my shopping at local stores | 1 = strongly disagree 2 = disagree 3 = agree 4 = strongly agree | CR = 0.934 AVE = 0.778 |
Pedestrian connectivity [56] | PC1: There are sidewalks on most of the streets in my neighborhood PC2: My neighborhood is well lit at night PC3: There are pedestrian crossing signals to help you cross the street. PC4: People can easily see walkers and bikers on the street. PC5: There is a pavement/grass that separates the streets from the sidewalks | CR = 0.924 AVE = 0.709 | |
Neighborhood safety [56] | S1: There is a low crime rate in my neighborhood S2: The low crime rate in my neighborhood makes it safe to go on walks | CR = 0.974 AVE = 0.949 | |
Environmental quality [8] | EQ1: In my neighborhood, there are attractive natural sights. EQ2: There are attractive and interesting buildings in my neighborhood. EQ3: In my neighborhood, there are many attractive natural sights | CR = 0.954 AVE = 0.874 | |
Neighborhood problems [15,57] | NP 1: Noise pollution NP 2: Damage of public or private property NP 3: Abandoned buildings NP 4: Burglary, robbery, violence, and gangsters NP 5: Illegal gambling and drinking in public places | 1 = not at all 2 = slightly 3 = moderately 4 = very | CR = 0.958 AVE = 0.792 |
Mental health [58] | MH1: I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me MH2: I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing MH3: I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor MH4: I felt depressed MH5: I felt lonely and sad MH6: My sleep was restless | 1 = rarely 2 = sometimes 3 = often 4 = most of the time | CR = 0.973 AVE = 0.858 |
Descriptors | Details | Percentage (Frequency) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 50.60 (258) |
Male | 49.40 (252) | |
Marital status | Married | 80.20 (409) |
Others (i.e., widowed, divorced, separated, or never married) | 19.80 (101) | |
Retired | No | 52.00 (265) |
Yes | 48.00 (245) | |
Tenure status | Own | 93.70 (478) |
Rent | 6.30 (32) | |
Driving own car | Yes | 83.50 (426) |
No | 16.50 (84) | |
Age | 60–70 | 92.90 (474) |
Above 70 | 7.10 (36) | |
Race | Chinese | 54.90 (280) |
Malay | 33.90 (173) | |
Indian | 9.40 (48) | |
Others (i.e., other indigeneous, non-citizen) | 1.80 (9) | |
Education | Primary | 6.70 (34) |
Secondary | 54.5 (278) | |
College | 29.0 (148) | |
Others (professional certificates, etc) | 9.80 (50) | |
Household size (average) | 4.32 members |
B | Std. Error | t | p-Value | 95% LCI | 95% UCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 2.766 | 0.302 | 9.152 | 0.000 | 2.172 | 3.360 |
Home environment | −0.038 | 0.028 | −1.354 | 0.176 | −0.093 | 0.017 |
Neighborhood safety | −0.033 | 0.029 | −1.118 | 0.264 | −0.091 | 0.025 |
Accessibility | 0.076 | 0.036 | 2.134 | 0.033 | 0.006 | 0.146 |
Neighborhood problems | −0.222 | 0.039 | −5.702 | 0.000 | −0.299 | −0.146 |
Pedestrian connectivity | −0.040 | 0.035 | −1.132 | 0.258 | −0.109 | 0.029 |
Environmental quality | 0.071 | 0.029 | 2.447 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.129 |
Retired | −0.049 | 0.090 | −0.541 | 0.588 | −0.227 | 0.129 |
Age above 70 years old (ref group) | ||||||
Age 60–70 years old | 0.098 | 0.058 | 1.687 | 0.092 | −0.016 | −0.212 |
Female | 0.699 | 0.042 | 16.554 | 0.000 | 0.616 | 0.782 |
Other race (ref group) | ||||||
Chinese | −0.203 | 0.149 | −1.366 | 0.173 | −0.495 | 0.089 |
Malay | −0.228 | 0.150 | −1.520 | 0.129 | −0.522 | −0.067 |
Indian | −0.155 | 0.157 | −0.988 | 0.324 | −0.464 | −0.153 |
Other qualification (ref group) | ||||||
Elementary school | 0.474 | 0.107 | 4.416 | 0.000 | 0.263 | 0.685 |
Secondary school | 0.124 | 0.075 | 1.641 | 0.102 | −0.024 | 0.272 |
College | 0.156 | 0.070 | 2.230 | 0.026 | 0.019 | 0.294 |
Married | 0.153 | 0.054 | 2.833 | 0.005 | 0.047 | 0.259 |
Household size | −0.036 | 0.012 | −2.984 | 0.003 | −0.069 | −0.012 |
Homeowner | −0.437 | 0.084 | −5.179 | 0.000 | −0.602 | −0.271 |
Driving | 1.154 | 0.082 | 14.062 | 0.000 | 0.993 | 1.315 |
R Square | 0.820 | |||||
Adjusted R Square | 0.813 | |||||
F, p-value | 117.428, 0.000 |
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Tan, T.H. Perceived Environmental Attributes: Their Impact on Older Adults’ Mental Health in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063595
Tan TH. Perceived Environmental Attributes: Their Impact on Older Adults’ Mental Health in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063595
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Teck Hong. 2022. "Perceived Environmental Attributes: Their Impact on Older Adults’ Mental Health in Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063595