Differences in Determinants Influencing Self-Rated Oral Health in Korean and American Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of Data
2.2. Independent Variables
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Factors
2.2.2. General Health Factors
2.2.3. Oral Health Factors
2.3. Dependent Variables
Self-Rated Oral Health (SROH)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | South Korea n (Weighted %) | p-Value b | Total | US n (Weighted %) | p-Value b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | Good | Poor | |||||
Total a | 13,065 | 7935 (61.2) | 5130 (38.8) | 5562 | 3675 (72.3) | 1887 (27.7) | ||
Gender | 0.023 * | 0.063 | ||||||
Male | 5724 (42.4) | 3395 (59.9) | 2329 (40.1) | 2697 (48.1) | 1738 (70.2) | 959 (29.8) | ||
Female | 7341 (57.6) | 4540 (62.2) | 2801 (37.8) | 2865 (51.9) | 1937 (74.3) | 928 (25.7) | ||
Age | <0.001 *** | 0.099 | ||||||
20–29 | 1431 (11.5) | 1128 (78.0) | 303 (22.0) | 827 (18.4) | 598 (75.3) | 229 (24.7) | ||
30–39 | 2102 (15.6) | 1465 (70.9) | 637 (29.1) | 859 (17.7) | 567 (71.3) | 292 (28.7) | ||
40–49 | 2418 (17.9) | 1625 (68.1) | 793 (31.9) | 813 (16.2) | 505 (71.6) | 308 (28.4) | ||
50–59 | 2493 (20.1) | 1440 (58.9) | 1053 (41.1) | 919 (18.5) | 582 (69.3) | 337 (30.7) | ||
60–69 | 2254 (17.3) | 1153 (51.5) | 1101 (48.5) | 1103 (15.4) | 668 (69.8) | 435 (30.2) | ||
≥70 | 2367 (17.6) | 1124 (47.0) | 1243 (53.0) | 1041 (13.7) | 755 (77.5) | 286 (22.5) | ||
Household income | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
Low | 2620 (19.7) | 1246 (47.4) | 1374 (52.6) | 906 (13.0) | 439 (50.2) | 467 (49.8) | ||
Middle-Low | 3173 (24.1) | 1789 (56.2) | 1384 (43.8) | 1324 (20.3) | 756 (59.5) | 568 (40.5) | ||
Middle-High | 3560 (27.3) | 2272 (64.3) | 1288 (35.7) | 797 (15.3) | 530 (69.0) | 267 (31.0) | ||
High | 3674 (29.0) | 2601 (71.8) | 1073 (28.2) | 1747 (51.4) | 1439 (85.3) | 308 (14.7) | ||
Economic activity | <0.001 *** | 0.006 ** | ||||||
Yes | 7582 (59.6) | 2807 (58.1) | 2052 (41.9) | 3053 (63.3) | 2111 (74.8) | 942 (25.2) | ||
No | 4859 (40.4) | 4784 (63.7) | 2798 (36.3) | 2507 (36.7) | 1563 (68.0) | 944 (32.0) | ||
Education level | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
≤Middle school | 3857 (30.4) | 1834 (47.4) | 2023 (52.6) | 1116 (11.3) | 555 (49.3) | 561 (50.7) | ||
High school | 3903 (32.1) | 2394 (61.8) | 1509 (38.2) | 1323 (27.2) | 798 (62.9) | 525 (37.1) | ||
≥University or college | 4676 (37.5) | 3362 (72.6) | 1314 (27.4) | 3110 (61.5) | 2312 (80.7) | 798 (19.3) | ||
Insurance type | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
Employment & county /Private & Medicare | 12,452 (95.7) | 7661 (61.9) | 4791 (38.1) | 3605 (74.3) | 2610 (78.7) | 995 (21.3) | ||
Government issued /Medicaid | 513 (3.5) | 221 (43.6) | 292 (56.4) | 666 (10.7) | 348 (55.7) | 318 (44.3) | ||
None | 99 (0.8) | 52 (57.4) | 47 (42.6) | 840(15.0) | 418 (53.2) | 422 (46.8) | ||
Chronic disease | <0.001 *** | 0.003 ** | ||||||
Yes | 5889 (44.9) | 3151 (53.9) | 2738 (46.1) | 3840 (65.4) | 2476 (70.1) | 1364 (29.9) | ||
No | 7173 (55.1) | 4782 (67.2) | 2391 (32.8) | 1722 (34.6) | 1199 (76.5) | 523 (23.5) | ||
Type of smokers | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
Current smoker | 2337 (17.6) | 1194 (51.2) | 1143 (48.8) | 1005 (17.4) | 464 (49.8) | 541 (50.2) | ||
Former smoker | 2771 (20.8) | 1653 (60.4) | 1118 (39.6) | 1322 (24.8) | 853 (71.4) | 469 (28.6) | ||
Never smoked | 7819 (61.6) | 5014 (64.5) | 2805 (35.5) | 3235 (57.8) | 2358 (79.5) | 877 (20.5) | ||
SRH | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
Good | 9999 (80.2) | 6539 (65.5) | 3460 (34.5) | 4134 (81.2) | 3072 (78.9) | 1062 (21.1) | ||
Poor | 2523 (19.8) | 1095 (44.7) | 1428 (55.3) | 1421 (18.8) | 598 (44.2) | 823 (55.8) |
Total | South Korea (Mean ± S.E) | p-Value | Total | US (Mean ± S.E) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | Good | Poor | |||||
Number of present teeth | 13,065 | 24.89 ± 0.12 | 21.84 ± 0.18 | <0.001 *** | 5050 | 24.18 ± 0.25 | 21.09 ± 0.31 | <0.001 *** |
DMFT index | 13,065 | 6.50 ± 0.08 | 8.14 ± 0.16 | <0.001 *** | 5562 | 8.98 ± 0.30 | 10.86 ± 0.31 | <0.001 *** |
DT index | 13,065 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.03 | <0.001 *** | 5562 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 1.16 ± 0.09 | <0.001 *** |
MT index | 13,065 | 1.54 ± 0.07 | 3.26 ± 0.15 | <0.001 *** | 5562 | 2.78 ± 0.22 | 4.95 ± 0.27 | <0.001 *** |
FT index | 13,065 | 4.70 ± 0.06 | 4.12 ± 0.09 | <0.001 *** | 5562 | 6.04 ± 0.21 | 4.75 ± 0.28 | <0.001 *** |
SROH Ref. “Good” | South Korea | US | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | OR | Exp(B) (95% C.I.) | p-Value | B | S.E. | OR | Exp(B) (95% C.I.) | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | −0.10 | 0.07 | 0.90 | (0.79–1.02) | 0.111 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 1.22 | (0.92–1.62) | 0.154 |
Female | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Age | ||||||||||
20–29 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
30–39 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 1.43 | (1.16–1.77) | <0.001 *** | 0.38 | 0.18 | 1.46 | (0.99–2.15) | 0.057 |
40–49 | 0.54 | 0.10 | 1.72 | (1.41–2.09) | <0.001 *** | 0.31 | 0.24 | 1.36 | (0.81–2.29) | 0.219 |
50–59 | 0.87 | 0.10 | 2.39 | (1.95–2.91) | <0.001 *** | 0.55 | 0.25 | 1.72 | (1.02–2.92) | 0.044 * |
60–69 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 2.43 | (1.92–3.07) | <0.001 *** | 0.36 | 0.24 | 1.44 | (0.86–2.42) | 0.157 |
≥70 | 0.70 | 0.13 | 2.02 | (1.57–2.59) | <0.001 *** | 0.22 | 0.21 | 1.24 | (0.80–1.93) | 0.315 |
Household income | ||||||||||
Low | 0.40 | 0.08 | 1.49 | (1.26–1.75) | <0.001 *** | 0.93 | 0.17 | 2.54 | (1.76–3.67) | <0.001 *** |
Middle-Low | 0.37 | 0.07 | 1.45 | (1.27–1.65) | <0.001 *** | 0.88 | 0.14 | 2.42 | (1.80–3.26) | <0.001 *** |
Middle-High | 0.24 | 0.06 | 1.27 | (1.13–1.44) | <0.001 *** | 0.62 | 0.13 | 1.86 | (1.41–2.45) | <0.001 *** |
High | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Economic activity | ||||||||||
Yes | 0.01 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.91–1.13) | 0.816 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 1.32 | (0.95–1.84) | 0.096 |
No | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Education level | ||||||||||
≤Middle school | 0.31 | 0.08 | 1.36 | (1.17–1.59) | <0.001 *** | 0.53 | 0.12 | 1.70 | (1.32–2.18) | <0.001 *** |
High school | 0.25 | 0.06 | 1.28 | (1.13–1.44) | <0.001 *** | 0.30 | 0.14 | 1.35 | (0.99–1.84) | 0.055 |
≥University or college | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Insurance type | ||||||||||
Employment & county /Private & Medicare | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Government issued /Medicaid | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.95 | (0.71–1.27) | 0.739 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 1.43 | (0.87–2.35) | 0.150 |
None | −0.35 | 0.41 | 0.71 | (0.32–1.59) | 0.402 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 1.60 | (1.20–2.12) | 0.003 ** |
Chronic disease | ||||||||||
Yes | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.11) | 0.862 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 1.30 | (0.97–1.74) | 0.077 |
No | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Type of smokers | ||||||||||
Current smoker | 0.61 | 0.08 | 1.85 | (1.58–2.16) | <0.001 *** | 0.68 | 0.10 | 1.97 | (1.59–2.44) | <0.001 *** |
Former smoker | 0.22 | 0.06 | 1.24 | (1.08–1.44) | 0.003 ** | 0.26 | 0.11 | 1.29 | (1.03–1.63) | 0.032 * |
Never smoked | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
SRH | ||||||||||
Good | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
Poor | 0.58 | 0.06 | 1.79 | (1.59–2.02) | <0.001 *** | 1.20 | 0.14 | 3.32 | (2.46–4.48) | <0.001 *** |
Number of Present teeth | −0.06 | 0.00 | 0.97 | (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 *** | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.95 | (0.91–1.00) | 0.063 |
DT index | 0.38 | 0.03 | 1.47 | (1.39–1.56) | <0.001 *** | 0.62 | 0.06 | 1.69 | (1.51–1.91) | <0.001 *** |
MT index | 0.08 | 0.01 | 1.02 | (1.00–1.04) | 0.048 * | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.97 | (0.93–1.02) | 0.170 |
FT index | −0.04 | 0.01 | 1.03 | (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 *** | −0.05 | 0.01 | 1.03 | (1.00–1.06) | 0.091 |
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Choi, J.-A.; Mun, S.-J.; Chung, W.-G.; Han, S.-Y. Differences in Determinants Influencing Self-Rated Oral Health in Korean and American Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063618
Choi J-A, Mun S-J, Chung W-G, Han S-Y. Differences in Determinants Influencing Self-Rated Oral Health in Korean and American Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063618
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Jeong-Ah, So-Jung Mun, Won-Gyun Chung, and Sun-Young Han. 2022. "Differences in Determinants Influencing Self-Rated Oral Health in Korean and American Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063618