Prevention of Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries among Youth Female Athletes: An Umbrella Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Types
2.2. Participants
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.5. Exclusion Criteria
2.6. Sources of Information
2.7. Selection of Studies
2.8. Data Extraction and Management
2.9. Risk of Bias Assessment in Included Studies
2.10. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search Results
3.1.1. Reviews
3.1.2. Primary Literature
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.2.1. Reviews
3.2.2. Primary Literature
3.3. Risk of Bias in Included Studies
3.3.1. Reviews
3.3.2. Primary Literature
3.4. Effectiveness of ACL Injury Prevention Programs
3.5. Specific Training Components
3.6. Duration, Frequency, and Timing of Interventions
4. Discussion
4.1. Effectiveness of ACL Injury Prevention Programs
4.2. Intervention Components
4.3. Quality Assessment
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
4.5. Recommendations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Medline Search Terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/
- (Anterior Cruciate Ligament adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- (ACL adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- Knee Injuries/
- Knee Injur*.mp.
- 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5
- Athletic Injuries/pc [prevention & control]
- (Prevent* or Intervention*).mp.
- (Program* or Programme*).mp.
- Exercise Therapy/or “Physical Education and Training”/or Physical Conditioning, Human/
- Plyometric Exercise/or Muscle Stretching Exercises/or Resistance Training/or Warm-Up Exercise/
- Training*.mp.
- (Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*).mp.
- Education/
- Educat*.mp.
- Braces/
- Brac*.mp.
- 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17
- Adolescent/
- (Adolesc* or Teen* or Youth* or Young*).mp.
- Child/
- Child*.mp.
- Pediatrics/
- P?ediatric*.mp.
- 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24
- Female/
- Female*.mp.
- Athlete/
- (Athlete* or Female Athlete*).mp.
- 26 or 27 or 28 or 29
- (meta or synthesis or literature).ab. or randomized.hw. or published.ab. or meta-analysis.pt. or systematic review.pt. or extraction.ab. or trials.hw. or controlled.hw. or search.ab. or MEDLINE.ab. or selection.ab. or sources.ab. or trials.ab. or review.ab. or review.pt. or articles.ab. or reviewed.ab. or english.ab. or language.ab.
- 6 and 18 and 25 and 30
- 31 and 32
Appendix A.2. Embase Search Terms
- anterior cruciate ligament injury/or anterior cruciate ligament rupture/
- (Anterior Cruciate Ligament adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- (ACL adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- knee injury/
- Knee Injur*.mp.
- 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5
- sport injury/pc [prevention & control]
- (Prevent* or Intervention*).mp.
- (Program* or Programme*).mp.
- kinesiotherapy/or leg exercise/or muscle training/or neuromuscular facilitation/or plyometrics/or stretching exercise/or muscle exercise/or resistance training/or “squatting (exercise)”/or warm up/or training/
- Training*.mp.
- (Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*).mp.
- education/
- Educat*.mp.
- brace/
- Brac*.mp.
- 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16
- adolescent/
- (Adolesc* or Teen* or Youth* or Young*).mp.
- child/
- Child*.mp.
- pediatrics/
- P?ediatric*.mp.
- 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23
- female/
- Female*.mp.
- athlete/
- (Athlete* or Female Athlete*).mp.
- 25 or 26 or 27 or 28
- (meta or synthesis or literature).ab. or randomized.hw. or published.ab. or meta analysis/or “systematic review”/or extraction.ab. or trials.hw. or controlled.hw. or search.ab. or MEDLINE.ab. or selection.ab. or sources.ab. or trials.ab. or review.ab. or review.pt. or articles.ab. or reviewed.ab. or english.ab. or language.ab.
- 6 and 17 and 24 and 29
- 30 and 31
Appendix A.3. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Search Terms
- (Anterior Cruciate Ligament adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- (ACL adj (Injur* or tear or rupture)).mp.
- Knee Injur*.mp.
- 1 or 2 or 3
- (Prevent* or Intervention*).mp.
- (Program* or Programme*).mp.
- Training*.mp.
- (Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*).mp.
- Educat*.mp.
- Brac*.mp.
- 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10
- (Adolesc* or Teen* or Youth* or Young*).mp.
- Child*.mp.
- P?ediatric*.mp.
- 12 or 13 or 14
- Female*.mp.
- (Athlete* or Female Athlete*).mp.
- 16 or 17
- 4 and 11 and 15 and 18
Appendix A.4. SPORTDiscus Search Terms
- S1.
- DE “ANTERIOR cruciate ligament injuries”
- S2.
- (Anterior Cruciate Ligament N1 (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- S3.
- (ACL N1 (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- S4.
- DE “KNEE injuries”
- S5.
- Knee Injur*
- S6.
- S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5
- S7.
- DE “SPORTS injury prevention”
- S8.
- Prevent* or Intervention*
- S9.
- Program* or Programme*
- S10.
- (DE “EXERCISE therapy” OR DE “EXERCISE therapy for children”) OR DE “PHYSICAL training & conditioning”
- S11.
- DE “PLYOMETRICS” OR DE “STRETCH (Physiology)” OR DE “RESISTANCE training” OR DE “WARMUP” OR DE “STRENGTH training”
- S12.
- Training*
- S13.
- Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*
- S14.
- DE “EDUCATION”
- S15.
- Educat*
- S16.
- DE “SPORTS injury prevention equipment”
- S17.
- Brac*
- S18.
- S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17
- S19.
- DE “TEENAGERS” OR DE “YOUTH” OR DE “CHILDREN” OR DE “PEDIATRICS”
- S20.
- Adolesc* or Teen* or Youth* or Young*
- S21.
- Child* OR P#ediatric*
- S22.
- S19 OR S20 OR S21
- S23.
- DE “WOMEN” OR DE “WOMEN & sports” OR DE “ATHLETES” OR DE “WOMEN athletes”
- S24.
- Female* OR Athlete* OR Female Athlete*
- S25.
- S23 OR S24
- S26.
- AB ((meta or synthesis or literature)) OR SU randomized OR AB published OR (meta-analysis or systematic review or review) OR AB extraction OR SU trials OR SU controlled OR AB ((search or MEDLINE or selection or sources or trials or review)) OR AB ((articles or reviewed)) OR AB ((english or language))
- S27.
- S6 AND S18 AND S22 AND S25
- S28.
- S26 AND S27
Appendix A.5. CINAHL Search Terms
- S1.
- (MH “Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries”)
- S2.
- (Anterior Cruciate Ligament N1 (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- S3.
- (ACL N1 (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- S4.
- (MH “Knee Injuries”)
- S5.
- Knee Injur*
- S6.
- S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5
- S7.
- Injury prevent*
- S8.
- Prevent* OR Intervention*
- S9.
- Program* or Programme*
- S10.
- (MH “Therapeutic Exercise”) OR ((MH “Physical Education and Training”)) OR (MH “Athletic Training Programs”)
- S11.
- (MH “Plyometrics”) OR (MH “Balance Training, Physical”) OR (MH “Resistance Training”) OR (MH “Stretching”) OR (MH “Warm-Up Exercise”)
- S12.
- Training*
- S13.
- Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*
- S14.
- (MH “Education”)
- S15.
- Educat*
- S16.
- (MH “Orthoses”)
- S17.
- Brac*
- S18.
- S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17
- S19.
- (MH “Adolescence”) OR (MH “Child”)
- S20.
- Adolesc* OR Teen* OR Youth* OR Young* OR Child* OR P?ediatric*
- S21.
- S19 OR S20
- S22.
- (MH “Female”)
- S23.
- (MH “Athletes”)
- S24.
- Female* OR Athlete* OR Female Athlete*
- S25.
- S22 OR S23 OR S24
- S26.
- AB (meta or synthesis or literature) OR MW randomized OR AB published OR PT (meta-analysis or systematic review) OR AB extraction OR MW (trials or controlled) OR AB (search or MEDLINE or selection or sources or trials or review) OR PT review OR AB (articles or reviewed) OR AB (english or language)
- S27.
- S6 AND S18 AND S21 AND S25
- S28.
- S26 AND S27
Appendix A.6. PEDro Search Terms
Appendix A.7. Web of Science Core Collection Search Terms
- TS = (Anterior Cruciate Ligament NEAR (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- TS = (ACL NEAR (Injur* or tear or rupture))
- TS = Knee Injur*
- #3 OR #2 OR #1
- TS = (Prevent* or Intervention*)
- TS = (Program* or Programme*)
- TS = Training*
- TS = (Propriocept* or Plyometric* or Stretch* or Resistance* or Warm-up* or Neuromuscular* or Strength* or Condition* or Agility*)
- TS = Educat*
- TS = Brac*
- #10 OR #9 OR #8 OR #7 OR #6 OR #5
- TS = (Adolesc* or Teen* or Youth* or Young*)
- TS = Child*
- TS = P$ediatric*
- #14 OR #13 OR #12
- TS = Female*
- TS = (Athlete* or Female Athlete*)
- #17 OR #16
- #18 AND #15 AND #11 AND #4
- AB = (meta OR synthesis OR literature)
- KP = randomized
- AB = published
- TS = (meta-analysis OR systematic review)
- AB = extraction
- KP = (trials OR controlled)
- AB = (search OR MEDLINE OR selection OR sources OR trials OR review)
- TS = review
- AB = (articles OR reviewed) OR AB = (english OR language)
- #28 OR #27 OR #26 OR #25 OR #24 OR #23 OR #22 OR #21 OR #20
- #29 AND #19
Appendix A.8. Epistemonikos Search Terms
Appendix A.9. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global Search Terms
Appendix A.10. TRIP Database Search Terms
Appendix B
Study | Main Reason for Exclusion |
---|---|
Chiaro [56] | Adult population |
Albaugh et al. [57] No author [58] Halvorson [59] May et al. [60] Della Villa et al. [61] | Could not find full-text |
Herman et al. [62] Dompier [63] Hespanhol Junior et al. [64] No author [65] Meyer et al. [66] Elliot et al. [67] Myer et al. [18] Hewett et al. [68] Silvers et al. [69] Sugimoto et al. [54] Sugimoto et al. [17] | Duplicate |
Rishiraj et al. [70] Elliot et al. [67] Gokeler et al. [71] Hewett et al. [72] Myer et al. [73] Laible et al. [74] Myer et al. [75] Dai et al. [76] Zakieh et al. [77] Paulson et al. [78] LaBella et al. [79] Arabia et al. [80] Myer et al. [81] Padua et al. [53] Bonnette et al. [82] Nessler et al. [83] Kiefer et al. [84] Hewett et al. [68] Myer et al. [85] Silvers et al. [69] Dharamsi et al. [86] Labella et al. [87] Myer et al. [88] Bencke et al. [89] Myer et al. [90] Mehl et al. [91] Ladenhauf et al. [92] Graziano et al. [93] Kelly [94] Acevedo et al. [95] Brophy et al. [96] Bisciotti et al. [97] | Narrative review without a search algorithm |
Taylor et al. [98] Chang et al. [99] Sugimoto et al. [54] Assaly et al. [100] Myer et al. [18] Sugimoto et al. [101] Ramirez et al. [102] Crossley et al. [103] Sugimoto et al. [55] Petushek et al. [104] Grimm et al. [105] Huang et al. [106] | No differentiation between mechanisms of ACL injury in results and/or analyses |
Zheng et al. [107] Romero-Moraleda et al. [108] | Not in English |
Herzberg et al. [109] | Wrong intervention |
Willadsen et al. [110] Weber et al. [111] Trojian et al. [112] Emery et al. [113] Lim et al. [114] Ter Stege et al. [115] Barber-Westin et al. [116] Monajati et al. [117] | Wrong outcomes |
Paszkewicz et al. [118] Prather [119] Barber-Westin et al. [120] No author [121] Bottino [122] Moksnes et al. [123] Hornbeck et al. [124] Halvorson [125] Powers et al. [126] Howe [127] Brunner et al. [24] Garcia [128] Nagano et al. [129] Queen [130] | Wrong study design |
Study | Main Reason for Exclusion |
---|---|
Lewis et al. [131] Jari et al. [132] Sibbala et al. [133] Owoeye et al. [134] Richmond et al. [135] | Wrong outcomes |
Paulson et al. [79] Halvorson [126] Potera [136] No author [122] Murray et al. [137] Decker et al. [138] | Wrong study design |
Foss et al. [139] | No differentiation between mechanisms of ACL injury |
Omi et al. [140] | Adult population |
Achenbach et al. [31] | Duplicate |
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Study ID | Databases Searched | Date of Last Search | Total Number of Studies * (Non-Contact) | Total Number of Participants * (Non-Contact) | Study Funding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hewett et al. [35] | Medline, CINAHL | NR | 5 (3) | 8764 (8324) | NIH |
Padua et al. [36] | PubMed | NR | 5 (2) | 8850 (6532) | NR |
Noyes et al. [37] | PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct | August 2011 | 6 (4) | 13,067 (8400) | NR |
Stojanovic et al. [38] | Medline | June 2011 | 9 (5) | 13,884 † (NR) | NR |
Herman et al. [39] | PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scirus | January 2012 | 6 (3) | 8999 (4034) | NR |
Noyes et al. [40] | Medline, CCRCT | May 2013 | 9 # (9) | 19,493 | NR |
Michaelidis et al. [41] | PubMed, CINAHL, CCRCT, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, SCOPUS | September 2012 | 13 (11) | 22,052 (21,612) | None |
Stevenson et al. [42] | Medline, CINAHL, CCRCT | 2011 | 10 (5) | 15,512 (5771) | NR |
Study ID | Databases Searched | Date of Last Search | Total Number of Primary Studies * (Non-Contact) | Total Number of Participants (Non-Contact) | Meta-Analysis Results † | Reduction in Non-Contact ACL Risk | Study Funding Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hewett et al. [33] | Medline, CINAHL | 2004 | 6 (3) | 9040 (8324) | Not conducted | - | NIH |
Grindstaff et al. [44] | PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science | October 2005 | 5 (5) | 11,026 | Not conducted | - | NR |
Yoo et al. [43] * | Medline, CCRCT | June 2007 | 7 (4) | 10,618 (8247) | OR = 0.36 (0.23–0.54) | 64% | NR |
Sadoghi et al. [45] | PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, CCRCT, Embase | December 2010 | 8 (6) | 10,618 (9982) | RR = 0.48 (0.26–0.89) | 62% | None |
Sugimoto et al. [17] | PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus | January 2012 | 12 (10) | 18,523 (18,083) | RRR = 73.4% (63–81) | 73.4% | NIH |
NNT = 108 (86–150) | |||||||
Gagnier et al. [46] ^ | Medline, CINAHL, CCRCT, Embase, SPORTDiscus, HTA | July 2011 | 14 (NR) | ~27,136 (NR) | Not conducted | - | U of M Bone & Joint Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation Center |
Taylor et al. [32] | PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, CCRCT, SPORTDiscus | July 2012 | 13 (9) | 24,188 (19,891) | OR = 0.38 (0.22–0.64) | 62% | None |
Donnell-Fink et al. [23] * | PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, CCRCT, Embase, Web of Science | December 2014 | 14 (9) | 20,132 (15,235) # | IRR = 0.51 (0.30–0.88) | 48.7% | NIH, NIAMSD |
Systematic Review and/or Meta-Analysis | Primary Study | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hewett et al. [49] | Mandelbaum et al. [50] | Olsen et al. [27] | Pfeiffer et al. [51] | Steffen et al. [28] | Kiani et al. [29] | LaBella et al. [47] | Walden et al. [30] | |
Hewett et al. [35] * | X | X | ||||||
Padua et al. [36] * | X | X | X | |||||
Hewett et al. [33] | X | X | ||||||
Grindstaff et al. [44] | X | X | X | |||||
Yoo et al. [43] # | X | X | X | |||||
Noyes et al. [37] * | X | X | X | X | ||||
Sadoghi et al. [45] | X | X | X | |||||
Stojanovic et al. [38] * | X | X | X | |||||
Herman et al. [39] * | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Sugimoto et al. [17] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Noyes et al. [40] * | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Michaelidis et al. [41] * | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Taylor et al. [32] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Stevenson et al. [42] * | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Donnell-Fink et al. [23] # | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Study ID | Study Design | Number of Participants | Age (Years) | Sports | Number of Injuries | ACL Injury Incidence * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hewett et al. [49] | Prospective cohort study | C: 463 | 14–18 | Soccer, basketball, volleyball | C: 5 | 0.22 |
I: 366 | I: 0 | 0.00 | ||||
Mandelbaum et al. [50] | Prospective cohort study | C: 3818 | 14–18 | Soccer | C: 67 | 0.49 |
I: 1885 | I: 6 | 0.09 | ||||
Olsen et al. [27] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 778 | 15–17 | Handball | C: 5 | 0.11 |
I: 808 | I: 1 | 0.02 | ||||
Pfeiffer et al. [51] | Prospective cohort study | C: 862 | 14–18 | Soccer, basketball, volleyball | C: 3 | 0.08 |
I: 577 | I: 3 | 0.17 | ||||
Steffen et al. [28] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 947 | 13–17 | Soccer | C: 2 | 0.06 |
I: 1073 | I: 3 | 0.09 | ||||
Kiani et al. [29] | Prospective cohort study | C: 729 | 13–19 | Soccer | C: 5 | 0.15 |
I: 777 | I: 0 | 0.00 | ||||
LaBella et al. [47] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 755 | 16.2 ± 1.1 | Soccer, basketball | C: 6 | 0.48 |
I: 737 | 16.2 ± 1.5 | I: 2 | 0.10 | |||
Walden et al. [30] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 2085 | 12–17 | Soccer | C: 8 | 0.12 |
I: 2479 | I: 5 | 0.07 | ||||
Achenbach et al. [31] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 215 | 15.1 ± 1.0 | Handball | C: 2 | 0.32 |
I: 259 | 14.9 ± 0.9 | I: 0 | 0.00 | |||
Yarsiasat et al. [48] | Randomized controlled trial | C: 26 | 14–19 | Sepak takraw | C: 3 | 0.05 |
I: 26 | I: 1 | 0.02 |
Study ID | Program Name | Exercise Types Included | Feedback | Duration (min.) | Frequency (d/wk.) | Length of Program | Training Season | Equipment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warm-Up | Plyometrics | Strength | Agility | Balance | Stretching | ||||||||
Hewett et al. [49] | Sportsmetrics | X * | X | X | 60–90 | 3 | 6 weeks | PS | Gymnastic mat, cones | ||||
Mandelbaum et al. [50] | PEP | X | X * | X | X | X | 20 | 2–3 | 12 weeks for 3 seasons | S | Cones | ||
Olsen et al. [27] | OLSEN | X | X * | X | X | X | X | 15–20 | 15 sessions then 1 | 8 months | S | Wobble board, balance mat | |
Pfeiffer et al. [51] | KLIPP | X | X * | 20 | 2 | 2 seasons | S | None | |||||
Steffen et al. [28] | The “11” | X | X | X | X | X | X | 20 | 15 sessions then 1 | 8 months | PS, S | Balance mat | |
Kiani et al. [29] | HPT | X | X * | X | X | 20–25 | 2 (PS), 1 (S) | 9 months | PS, S | None | |||
LaBella et al. [47] | KIPP | X | X | X | X | X | X | 20 | 2–5 # | 13 ± 2.5 weeks | S | None | |
Walden et al. [30] | Walden | X | X | X | X | 15 | 2 | 7 months | S | None | |||
Achenbach et al. [31] | HSIPP | X | X | X | 15 | 2–3 (PS), 1 (S) | 10–12 weeks + season | PS, S | None | ||||
Yarsiasat et al. [48] | PEP | X | X | X | X | X | 20 | 3 | 8 weeks | Unsure | Cones |
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Mattu, A.T.; Ghali, B.; Linton, V.; Zheng, A.; Pike, I. Prevention of Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries among Youth Female Athletes: An Umbrella Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084648
Mattu AT, Ghali B, Linton V, Zheng A, Pike I. Prevention of Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries among Youth Female Athletes: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084648
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattu, Anmol T., Brianna Ghali, Vanessa Linton, Alex Zheng, and Ian Pike. 2022. "Prevention of Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries among Youth Female Athletes: An Umbrella Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084648
APA StyleMattu, A. T., Ghali, B., Linton, V., Zheng, A., & Pike, I. (2022). Prevention of Non-Contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries among Youth Female Athletes: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084648