Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Pathways between Physical Activity and Sleep Quality among Chinese TikTok Users
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Procedure and Participants
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Sleep Quality
3.2.2. Stress
3.2.3. Depression
3.2.4. Anxiety
3.2.5. Physical Activity
3.2.6. Bedtime Delay for TikTok
3.3. Statistical Analysis
3.3.1. Internal Reliabilities of Instruments
3.3.2. Structural Equations Modeling
3.3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Validation of Measurements
4.2. Characteristics of the Study Population
4.3. The Final SEM Model
4.4. Sensitivity Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. General Discussion
5.2. Limitation
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- | PSQI | PSS-10 | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Sleep quality | Stress | Depression | Anxiety |
Cronbach’s α | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.92 |
Variables | Category | Mean (SD) | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | - | 55.45% |
- | Female | - | 44.55% |
Age (years) | 18< | - | 5.45% |
- | 18~45 | - | 90.30% |
- | 46~69 | - | 4.09% |
- | >69 | - | 0.15% |
User of TikTok | - | - | 100.00% |
Watch TikTok at night | - | - | 97.88% |
Bedtime delay for TikTok | - | - | 86.06% |
Physical activity | Frequency (points) | 3.49 (1.81) | - |
- | Duration (score) | 2.64 (1.25) | - |
Bedtime delay for TikTok | Frequency (score) | 3.07 (1.88) | - |
- | Duration (score) | 2.38 (1.60) | - |
Stress (PSS-10 score) | - | 15.30 (5.96) | - |
Depression (PHQ-9 score) | - | 4.48 (5.15) | - |
Anxiety (GAD-7 score) | - | 3.52 (3.94) | - |
Sleep quality (PSQI score) | - | 5.21 (3.22) | - |
Variable | Total β (95% CI) | p | Direct β (95% CI) | p | Indirect β (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress | −0.118 (−0.194, −0.047) | 0.001 | −0.118 (−0.194, −0.047) | 0.001 | - | - |
Mental health issues | −0.079 (−0.131, −0.032) | 0.001 | - | - | −0.079 (−0.131, −0.032) | 0.001 |
Bedtime delay for TikTok | −0.043 (−0.075, −0.017) | 0.001 | - | - | −0.043 (−0.075, −0.017) | 0.001 |
Poor sleep quality | −0.056 (−0.095, −0.023) | 0.001 | - | - | −0.056 (−0.095, −0.023) | 0.001 |
Pathways | β (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
PA → Stress → Bedtime delay | −0.013 (−0.033, −0.003) | p = 0.011 |
PA → Stress → Mental health issues → Bedtime delay | −0.029 (−0.059, −0.011) | p = 0.001 |
PA → Stress → Bedtime delay → Poor sleep quality | −0.005 (−0.012, −0.002) | p = 0.002 |
PA → Stress → Mental health issues → Poor sleep quality | −0.048 (−0.083, −0.018) | p = 0.002 |
PA → Stress → Mental health issues → Bedtime delay → Poor sleep quality | −0.002 (−0.006, −0.001) | p = 0.002 |
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Zhang, X.; Feng, S.; Peng, R.; Li, H. Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Pathways between Physical Activity and Sleep Quality among Chinese TikTok Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095142
Zhang X, Feng S, Peng R, Li H. Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Pathways between Physical Activity and Sleep Quality among Chinese TikTok Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095142
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xing, Siyuan Feng, Rui Peng, and Hansen Li. 2022. "Using Structural Equation Modeling to Examine Pathways between Physical Activity and Sleep Quality among Chinese TikTok Users" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095142