Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection during Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Clinical Implications of Concurrent Malaria and Helminthic Infection in Pregnancy
1.2. Operational Definitions
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reporting
2.2. Search Strategy and Information Sources
2.3. Study Selection
2.4. Eligibility Criteria
2.5. Quality Assessment
2.6. Data Extraction
2.7. Outcome Measurement
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. Meta-Analysis
3.3.1. The Burden of Malaria Infection
3.3.2. The Burden of Helminthic Infection
3.3.3. The Burden of Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection
4. Discussion
4.1. Optimisation of Anti-Malarial and Anti-Helminthic Infections in Endemic Areas
4.2. Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality due to Malarial and Helminthic Co-Infection
4.3. Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Research and Innovation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Included Studies for Meta-Analysis | Study Level Bias Score | ||
---|---|---|---|
S. No | Author, Publication year | Total No. Yes (Y) | Percentage of Yes (Y) |
1 | Hillier et al., 2008 | 9 | 100.00% |
2 | Getachew et al., 2013 | 8 | 89.00% |
3 | Joseph et al., 2017 | 9 | 100.00% |
4 | Wanyonyi et al., 2018 | 8 | 89.00% |
5 | Teklemariam A., 2018 | 8 | 89.00% |
6 | Egwunyenga et al., 2001 | 8 | 89.00% |
7 | Adegnika et al., 2010 | 9 | 100.00% |
8 | Nelly et al., 2009 | 9 | 100.00% |
9 | Shapiro et al., 2004 | 9 | 100.00% |
10 | Thigpen et al., 2011 | 9 | 100.00% |
11 | Olusola Ojurongbe | 8 | 89.00% |
12 | Olarewaju et al., 2016 | 9 | 100.00% |
13 | Polycarp Uche Agu et al., 2013 | 9 | 100.00% |
14 | Ndyomugyenyi et al., 2008 | 8 | 89.00% |
15 | Anchang-Kimbi et al., 2017 | 8 | 89.00% |
16 | Umeh et al., 2018 | 8 | 89.00% |
17 | Nnah and Kasso, 2018 | 8 | 89.00% |
18 | Akinbo et al., 2017 | 7 | 78.00% |
19 | Ekejindu et al., 2011 | 9 | 100.00% |
20 | Ifeanyi., 2014 | 9 | 100.00% |
21 | Fairley, 2014 | 9 | 100.00% |
22 | Fuseini et al., 2010 | 7 | 78.00% |
23 | Masai, Rael Jepkogei, 2016 | 8 | 89.00% |
24 | Honkpehedji et al., 2017 | 8 | 89.00% |
Average bias score (%Yes) | 93.00% |
S. No | Author, Year of Publication | Year Study Conducted | Country | Study Design | Sample Size | Trimester | Parity | Test Approach for Malaria Diagnosis | Test Approach for Helminthiases | Prevalence of Pf Infection | Prevalence of Pv Infection | Prevalence of Any Malaria Infection | Prevalence of Malaria Associated Anemia | Overall Prevalence of Helminthiasis | Overall Prevalence of Malaria-Helminthiases Co-infection | Hookworm | Ascaris lumbricoids | Trichuris trichuria | Shistosoma mansoni | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | Primigravida | Multigravida | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | Hillier et al., 2008 | 2003–2005 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 2507 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz thick smear | 268 (11%) | 268 (11%) | 1693 (68%) | 1112 (45%) | 58 (2%) | 226 (9%) | 458 (18%) | ||||||||
2 | Getachew et al., 2013 | 2011 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 388 | 156 | 167 | 95 | 133 | 285 | Microscopy | McMaster concentration technique | 45 (11.6%) | 159 (41%) | 30 (7.7%) | 114 (29%) | 58 (15%) | 13 (3.4%) | ||||
3 | Joseph, R. et al., 2017 | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 252 | 63 | 169 | Microscopy | Formalin-ether concentration techniques+ wet mount | 51 (20.2%) | 54 (21.4%) | 16 (6.3%) | ||||||||||
4 | Wanyonyi et al., 2018 | 2016–2017 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 750 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz thick smear | 21.60% | 367 (48.9%) | 24.70% | 6.8% | |||||||||||
5 | Teklemariam A., 2018 | 2016 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 460 | Microscopy | Formalin-ether concentration techniques | 27 (5.9%) | 55 (12%) | 84 (18.3%) | 198 (43%) | 46 (10%) | 54 (11.7%) | 77 (16.7%) | ||||||||
6 | Egwunyenga et al.,2001 | 1997–1998 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2104 | Microscopy | Formalin-ether concentration techniques | 762 (36.2%) | 816 (38.8%) | 394 (48.3%) | 116 (5.5%) | 156 (7.4%) | 57 (2.7%) | 28 (1.3%) | ||||||||
7 | Adegnika et al., 2010 | 2003–2004 | Gabon | Cross-sectional | 388 | 111 | 277 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz thick smear | 98 (25%) | 216 (64%) | 15% | 34 (8.8%) | 112 (28.9%) | 83 (21.4%) | |||||||
8 | Nelly J et al., 2009 | 2006 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 746 | 390 | 324 | 26 | 255 | 521 | Malaria Antigen CELISA assay | Kato-Katz thick smear | 271 (36.3%) | 36.30% | 192 (25.7%) | 124 (16.6%) | 59 (7.5%) | 92 (12.3%) | 42 (5.6%) | |||
9 | Shapiro et al., 2004 | 2003 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 856 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz thick smear | 217 (49.9% | 217 (49.9%) | 405 (47.3%) | 118 (54.8%) | 275 (32.1%) | 149 (17.4%) | 70 (8.1%) | ||||||||
10 | Thigpen et al., 2011 | 2002–2004 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 848 | 412 | 436 | Microscopy | Kato-katz thick smear | 667 (37.6%) | 667 (37.6%) | 691 (81.5%) | 143 (16.8%) | 81 (9.7%) | 122 (14.4%) | 21 (2.5%) | ||||||
11 | Olusola Ojurongbe | 2018 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 200 | 90 | 178 | 25 | Microscopy | Formalin-ether concentration techniques | 29.5% (59/200) | 12% (24/200) | 5% (10/200) | 2.0% (4/200) | 10.0% (20/200) | |||||||
12 | Olarewaju AB et al., 2016 | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 300 | 32 | 116 | 152 | 185 | 115 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 14 (4.6) | 12 (4.0) | 73.1% (219) | 11 (3.6) | 15 (5.0) | 12 (4.0) | ||||
13 | Polycarp Uche Agu et al., 2013 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 226 | 65 | 113 | 47 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 119 | 90 (40%) | 60 (26.5%) | 14 (6.2%) | ||||||||
14 | R. Ndyomugyenyi et al., 2008 | 2007 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 802 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 281 (35%) | 219 (16%) | 554 (69%) | 4 (0.5%) | 38 (4.74%) | 31 (3.87%) | |||||||||
15 | Judith K. Anchang-Kimbi et al., 2017 | 2014 | Cameroon | Cross-sectional | 205 | 10 (4%) | 125 (50%) | 115 (46%) | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 98 (39.2%) | 38 (15.2%) | 117 (46.8%) | |||||||||
16 | Umeh et al., 2018 | 2017 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 300 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 45 (15.0%) | 9 (3%) | 19 (6.3%) | ||||||||||||
17 | E. W. Nnah and T. Kasso 2018 | 2016 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 192 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 47 (24.5%) | 32 (16.7%) | 1 (0.5%) | 6 (3.1%) | 144 (75%) | ||||||||||
18 | Akinbo et al., 2017 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 402 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 100 (24.9%) | 73 (18.2%) | 173 (43.14%) | 12 (3%) | 36 (9%) | 10 (2.5%) | |||||||||
19 | Ekejindu IM et al., 2011 | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 100 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 81 (81%) | 17 (13%) | 17 (17%) | ||||||||||||
20 | Obeagu E. Ifeanyi., 2014 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 87 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 44 (51%) | 11 (13%) | 16 (18%) | ||||||||||||
21 | Jessica K. Fairley., 2014 | 2005 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 696 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 297 (42.7%) | 205 (29.5%) | 219 (31.5%) | 41 (5.9%) | |||||||||||
22 | Fuseini et al., 2010 | 2005 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 300 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 174 (58%) | 69 (23%) | 21 (7%) | 2 (0.7%) | 37 (12.3%) | ||||||||||
23 | Masai, Rael Jepkogei, 2016 | 2015 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 300 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 24 (8%) | 39 (13%) | 45 (15%) | 90 (30%) | 3 (1%) | ||||||||||
24 | Y. J. Honkpehedji et al., 2017 | 2015 | Gabon | Cross-sectional | 678 | Microscopy | Kato-Katz techniques | 221 (33%) | 259 (38%) | 468 (69%) |
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Tadesse Boltena, M.; El-Khatib, Z.; Kebede, A.S.; Asamoah, B.O.; Yaw, A.S.C.; Kamara, K.; Constant Assogba, P.; Tadesse Boltena, A.; Adane, H.T.; Hailemeskel, E.; et al. Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection during Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095444
Tadesse Boltena M, El-Khatib Z, Kebede AS, Asamoah BO, Yaw ASC, Kamara K, Constant Assogba P, Tadesse Boltena A, Adane HT, Hailemeskel E, et al. Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection during Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095444
Chicago/Turabian StyleTadesse Boltena, Minyahil, Ziad El-Khatib, Abraham Sahilemichael Kebede, Benedict Oppong Asamoah, Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw, Kassim Kamara, Phénix Constant Assogba, Andualem Tadesse Boltena, Hawult Taye Adane, Elifaged Hailemeskel, and et al. 2022. "Malaria and Helminthic Co-Infection during Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095444