Health Risk Assessments and Microbial Community Analyses of Groundwater from a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Site in Hezhou City, Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.4. Health Risk Assessment
2.4.1. Determination of Exposure
2.4.2. Characterization of Health Risks
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Groundwater
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Human Health Risk Assessment
3.4. Microbial Community Analysis in Groundwater
3.4.1. Microbial Community Composition Based on Phylum and Genus Levels
3.4.2. Microbial Community Diversity
3.4.3. Correlation between Bacterial Community and Environmental Parameters
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heavy Metals | Monitoring Well Number | Standard * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLJ2 | HLJ3 | HLJ4 | HLJ5 | HLJ6 | ||
Mn | 22,130 ± 138.41 | 370 ± 1.34 | 250 ± 0.30 | 330 ± 1.78 | 250 ± 1.93 | 100 |
Cr | 0.38 ± 0.15 | 0.28 ± 0.16 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 5 |
As | 16.13 ± 1.14 | 19,407.34 ± 124.03 | 31,733.05 ± 458.42 | 106,242.67 ± 1482.80 | 111,640.67 ± 1286.29 | 10 |
Cd | 408.33 ± 11.76 | 19.85 ± 1.26 | 14.31 ± 0.44 | 23.35 ± 0.54 | 18.58 ± 0.82 | 5 |
Pb | 8.95 ± 0.24 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.22 | 2.31 ± 0.10 | 1 ± 0.67 | 10 |
Cu | 1054.92 ± 39.75 | 0.28 ± 0.22 | 2.6 ± 1.05 | 8.43 ± 1.57 | 4.16 ± 0.52 | 1000 |
Ni | 223.53 ± 7.86 | 4.46 ± 0.11 | 3.82 ± 0.27 | 1.8 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.15 | 20 |
Heavy Metals | Cr | As | Cd | Ni | Cu | Pb | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 1.000 | −0.182 | 0.621 * | 0.282 | 0.318 | 0.325 | 0.564 * |
As | 1.000 | −0.414 | −0.950 ** | −0.111 | −0.157 | −0.671 ** | |
Cd | 1.000 | 0.443 | 0.746** | 0.746 ** | 0.854 ** | ||
Ni | 1.000 | 0.132 | 0.182 | 0.682 ** | |||
Cu | 1.000 | 0.968 ** | 0.407 | ||||
Pb | 1.000 | 0.439 | |||||
Mn | 1.000 |
Cr | As | Cd | Ni | Cu | Pb | Mn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | −0.286 | 0.097 | −0.699 * | −0.122 | −0.954 ** | −0.894 ** | −0.432 |
F- | 0.418 | −0.589 * | 0.596 * | 0.554 * | −0.021 | 0.043 | 0.864 ** |
Cl- | 0.493 | −0.568 * | 0.607 * | 0.586 * | −0.029 | 0.036 | 0.854 ** |
NO3- | 0.054 | −0.871 ** | 0.239 | 0.861 ** | 0.207 | 0.250 | 0.371 |
SO42- | 0.257 | 0.182 | 0.093 | −0.182 | −0.411 | −0.375 | 0.307 |
K+ | 0.461 | −0.521 * | 0.375 | 0.479 | −0.143 | −0.082 | 0.739 ** |
Na+ | 0.229 | −0.757 ** | 0.021 | 0.768 ** | −0.375 | −0.300 | 0.479 |
Route of Exposure | Heavy Metals | Monitoring Well Number | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLJ2 | HLJ3 | HLJ4 | HLJ5 | HLJ6 | ||
Drinking water ingestion | Cr | 2.67 × 10−6 | 1.96 × 10−6 | 6.54 × 10−7 | 1.34 × 10−6 | 1.80 × 10−6 |
As | 3.42 × 10−4 | 4.12 × 10−1 | 6.74 × 10−1 | 2.26 | 2.37 | |
Cd | 3.53 × 10−2 | 1.71 × 10−3 | 1.24 × 10−3 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | |
TCR | 3.56 × 10−2 | 4.14 × 10−1 | 6.75 × 10−1 | 2.26 | 2.37 | |
Dermal contact | Cr | 1.29 × 10−6 | 9.47 × 10−7 | 3.17 × 10−7 | 6.48 × 10−7 | 8.70 × 10−7 |
As | 9.09 × 10−6 | 1.09 × 10−2 | 1.79 × 10−2 | 5.99 × 10−2 | 6.29 × 10−2 | |
Cd | 2.66 × 10−5 | 1.29 × 10−6 | 9.31 × 10−7 | 1.52 × 10−6 | 1.21 × 10−6 | |
TCR | 3.70 × 10−5 | 1.09 × 10−2 | 1.79 × 10−2 | 5.99 × 10−2 | 6.29 × 10−2 |
Route of Exposure | Heavy Metals | Monitoring Well Number | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLJ2 | HLJ 3 | HLJ 4 | HLJ 5 | HLJ 6 | ||
Drinking water ingestion | Ni | 5.13 × 10−1 | 1.02 × 10−2 | 8.76 × 10−3 | 4.13 × 10−3 | 3.82 × 10−3 |
Cu | 1.21 | 3.22 × 10−4 | 2.98 × 10−3 | 9.68 × 10−3 | 4.77 × 10−3 | |
Pb | 2.94 × 10−1 | 8.66 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−2 | 7.56 × 10−2 | 3.29 × 10−2 | |
Mn | 2.21 × 10 | 3.70 × 10−1 | 2.48 × 10−1 | 3.31 × 10−1 | 2.53 × 10−1 | |
HI | 2.41 × 10 | 3.89 × 10−1 | 2.77 × 10−1 | 4.20 × 10−1 | 2.94 × 10−1 | |
Dermal contact | Ni | 1.10 × 10−3 | 2.20 × 10−5 | 1.88 × 10−5 | 8.86 × 10−6 | 8.18 × 10−6 |
Cu | 2.34 × 10−2 | 6.22 × 10−6 | 5.76 × 10−5 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 9.21 × 10−5 | |
Pb | 6.80 × 10−6 | 2.01 × 10−7 | 4.01 × 10−7 | 1.75 × 10−6 | 7.63 × 10−7 | |
Mn | 3.27 × 10−1 | 5.48 × 10−3 | 3.67 × 10−3 | 4.90 × 10−3 | 3.75 × 10−3 | |
HI | 3.52 × 10−1 | 5.51 × 10−3 | 3.75 × 10−3 | 5.10 × 10−3 | 3.85 × 10−3 |
Monitoring Well | Chao1 | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|
HLJ2 | 2746 | 0.0955 | 3.88 |
HLJ3 | 4936 | 0.0761 | 4.73 |
HLJ4 | 4987 | 0.0364 | 5.39 |
HLJ5 | 5179 | 0.042 | 5.18 |
HLJ6 | 3276 | 0.1047 | 4.07 |
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Xu, M.; Zhang, K.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Mao, K.; Zhang, H. Health Risk Assessments and Microbial Community Analyses of Groundwater from a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Site in Hezhou City, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010604
Xu M, Zhang K, Wang Y, Zhang B, Mao K, Zhang H. Health Risk Assessments and Microbial Community Analyses of Groundwater from a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Site in Hezhou City, Southwest China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010604
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Mingjie, Kuankuan Zhang, Yiduo Wang, Bin Zhang, Kang Mao, and Hua Zhang. 2023. "Health Risk Assessments and Microbial Community Analyses of Groundwater from a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Site in Hezhou City, Southwest China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010604