Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sunflower Straw by an Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Sunflower Straw
2.2. Hydrothermal Conversion of Sunflower Straw
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.4. Hydrochar Yield Calculation and Characterization
3. Results
3.1. The Hydrochar Yield and pH
3.2. The Content of Heavy Metals in Hydrochar
3.3. The Content of Heavy Metals in Liquid Phase Products
3.4. The Distribution of Heavy Metals between Hydrochar and Liquid Products during the Hydrothermal Process
3.5. The Species of Heavy Metals in Hydrochar
3.6. The Surface Structure Characteristics of Hydrochars
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Temperature and HCl Addition on Hydrochar Yield and pH
4.2. The Effect of Temperature and HCl Addition on Heavy Metal Distribution and Species
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg·kg−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Zn | Cu | Cd | |
Untreated | 5.98 ± 0.14 c | 487.48 ± 39.59 a | 14.59 ± 1.24 b | 4.48 ± 0.29 b |
HTC160 | 8.58 ± 0.38 a | 364.80 ± 11.33 b | 23.63 ± 1.54 a | 6.25 ± 0.15 a |
HTC200 | 7.30 ± 0.32 b | 220.97 ± 18.24 c | 13.84 ± 0.10 b | 2.37 ± 0.14 c |
HTC240 | 4.88 ± 0.06 d | 182.32 ± 7.70 cd | 10.90 ± 0.06 c | 1.96 ± 0.06 d |
HTC280 | 4.08 ± 0.12 e | 146.95 ± 1.46 d | 7.79 ± 0.11 d | 1.80 ± 0.02 d |
HTC200-0.25 | 4.13 ± 0.06 b | 48.57 ± 1.64 b | 5.27 ± 0.16 b | 0.72 ± 0.03 b |
HTC200-0.5 | 3.23 ± 0.08 c | 31.27 ± 0.68 bc | 4.57 ± 0.02 c | 0.57 ± 0.02 c |
HTC200-1 | 2.88 ± 0.14 c | 27.32 ± 1.7 c | 3.03 ± 0.16 d | 0.24 ± 0.02 d |
HTC200-2 | 2.23 ± 0.15 d | 19.40 ± 0.23 c | 2.63 ± 0.06 e | 0.13 ± 0.01 d |
Samples | Metal Concentration (mg·L−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Zn | Cu | Cd | |
HTC160 | 0.04 ± 0.01 e | 19.55 ± 0.58 f | 0.04 ± 0.001 g | 0.04 ± 0.004 g |
HTC200 | 0.10 ± 0.01 e | 30.27 ± 0.14 e | 0.58 ± 0.03 f | 0.30 ± 0.01 f |
HTC240 | 0.32 ± 0.01 d | 36.48 ± 0.91 d | 0.96 ± 0.01 e | 0.35 ± 0.01 e |
HTC280 | 0.41 ± 0.01 b | 39.91 ± 0.52 c | 1.14 ± 0.01 dc | 0.37 ± 0.003 d |
HTC200-0.25 | 0.31 ± 0.01 d | 41.65 ± 0.24 c | 1.00 ± 0.02 dc | 0.36 ± 0.004 d |
HTC200-0.5 | 0.39 ± 0.01 c | 45.48 ± 0.91 b | 1.22 ± 0.05 b | 0.39 ± 0.003 c |
HTC200-1 | 0.42 ± 0.01 b | 47.36 ± 0.18 a | 1.30 ± 0.02 ab | 0.42 ± 0.01 b |
HTC200-2 | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 48.09 ± 0.17 a | 1.35 ± 0.04 a | 0.44 ± 0.01 a |
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Song, H.; Zhou, J.; He, S.; Ma, Q.; Peng, L.; Yin, M.; Lin, H.; Zeng, Q. Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sunflower Straw by an Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Process. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021311
Song H, Zhou J, He S, Ma Q, Peng L, Yin M, Lin H, Zeng Q. Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sunflower Straw by an Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Process. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021311
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Huijuan, Jun Zhou, Shilong He, Qiao Ma, Liang Peng, Miaogen Yin, Hui Lin, and Qingru Zeng. 2023. "Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sunflower Straw by an Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Process" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021311