Concordance of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Factors among Older Married Couples in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Spousal Concordance for NAFLD and Associated Factors
3.3. Stratification Analysis by Age
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Characteristics | Husband | Wife | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | NAFLD | Overall | NAFLD | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Total | 58,122 | 100 | 14,622 | 12.6 | 58,122 | 100 | 20,082 | 17.3 |
Age group (year) | ||||||||
65–69 | 22,271 | 38.3 | 5748 | 25.8 | 34,462 | 59.3 | 12,034 | 34.9 |
70–74 | 19,520 | 33.6 | 5039 | 25.8 | 14,734 | 25.4 | 5335 | 36.2 |
75–79 | 9587 | 16.5 | 2326 | 24.3 | 5928 | 10.2 | 1950 | 32.9 |
80+ | 6744 | 11.6 | 1509 | 22.4 | 2998 | 5.2 | 763 | 25.5 |
p-value | NA | <0.001 | NA | <0.001 | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||
Low | 34,041 | 58.6 | 7696 | 22.6 | 40,527 | 69.7 | 13,782 | 34.0 |
Middle | 14,713 | 25.3 | 4087 | 27.8 | 12,186 | 21.0 | 4395 | 36.1 |
High | 9368 | 16.1 | 2839 | 30.3 | 5409 | 9.3 | 1905 | 35.2 |
p-value | NA | <0.001 | NA | <0.001 | ||||
Smoking status | ||||||||
Never | 38,707 | 66.6 | 10,089 | 26.1 | 57,602 | 99.1 | 19,906 | 34.6 |
Former | 9049 | 15.6 | 2330 | 25.7 | 110 | 0.2 | 37 | 33.6 |
Current | 10,366 | 17.8 | 2203 | 21.3 | 410 | 0.7 | 139 | 33.9 |
p-value | NA | <0.001 | NA | 0.943 | ||||
Physical activity | ||||||||
Yes | 8137 | 14.0 | 1844 | 22.7 | 9732 | 16.7 | 3413 | 35.1 |
No | 49,985 | 86.0 | 12,778 | 25.6 | 48,390 | 83.3 | 16,669 | 34.4 |
p-value | NA | <0.001 | NA | 0.239 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
<18.5 | 1915 | 3.3 | 31 | 1.6 | 1878 | 3.2 | 42 | 2.2 |
18.5–23.9 | 28,340 | 48.8 | 3734 | 13.2 | 28,432 | 48.9 | 5819 | 20.5 |
24–27.9 | 22,924 | 39.4 | 7978 | 34.8 | 21,357 | 36.7 | 9871 | 46.2 |
>28 | 4943 | 8.5 | 2879 | 58.2 | 6455 | 11.1 | 4350 | 67.4 |
p value | NA | <0.001 | NA | <0.001 | ||||
Abdominal obesity | ||||||||
No | 35,331 | 60.8 | 5205 | 14.7 | 30,268 | 52.1 | 6328 | 20.9 |
Yes | 22,791 | 39.2 | 9417 | 41.3 | 27,854 | 47.9 | 13,754 | 49.4 |
p-value | NA | <0.001 | NA | <0.001 | ||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||
Good | 55,210 | 95.0 | 13,932 | 25.2 | 54,677 | 94.1 | 18,946 | 34.7 |
Fair | 918 | 1.6 | 224 | 24.4 | 978 | 1.7 | 312 | 31.9 |
Poor | 1994 | 3.4 | 466 | 23.4 | 2467 | 4.2 | 824 | 33.4 |
p-value | NA | 0.147 | NA | 0.095 |
Characteristic | Both | Husbands Only | Wives Only | Neither | ORMP (95% CI) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Risk factors | ||||||||||
Current smoking | 123 | 0.2 | 10,243 | 17.6 | 287 | 0.5 | 47,469 | 81.7 | 35.69 (33.20,38.36) | <0.001 |
No physical activity | 3628 | 6.2 | 4509 | 7.8 | 6104 | 10.5 | 43,881 | 75.5 | 0.74 (0.71,0.77) | <0.001 |
Overweight/obese | 14,692 | 25.3 | 13,175 | 22.7 | 13,120 | 22.6 | 17,135 | 29.5 | 1.00 (0.98,1.03) | 0.735 |
Abdominal obesity | 12,684 | 21.8 | 10,107 | 17.4 | 15,170 | 26.1 | 20,161 | 34.7 | 0.67 (0.65,0.68) | <0.001 |
Diseases | ||||||||||
NAFLD | 6600 | 11.4 | 8022 | 13.8 | 13,482 | 23.2 | 30,018 | 51.6 | 0.60 (0.58,0.61) | <0.001 |
Outcomes | Model Adjusting for Gender, Total | Husband to Wife | Wife to Husband | p Value for Gender Interaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
NAFLD | |||||||
Model 1 | 1.83 (1.78–1.88) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.76–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.76–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Model 2 | 1.81 (1.77–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.75–1.89) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.76–1.90) | <0.001 | 0.912 |
Model 3 | 1.82 (1.77–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.76–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.76–1.90) | <0.001 | 0.896 |
Model 4 | 1.81 (1.76–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.71–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.77–1.92) | <0.001 | 0.287 |
Characteristic | Overall N (%) | NAFLD, N (%) | Husband/Wife Only vs. Both | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Husband/Wife Only | Both | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Total | 28,104 (100) | 21,504 (100) | 6600 (100) | ||
Age: <70 years old | |||||
Both | 10,025 (35.7) | 7692 (35.8) | 2333 (35.3) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 7598 (27.0) | 5854 (27.2) | 1744 (26.4) | 0.99 (0.92,1.07) | 0.858 |
Neither | 10,481 (37.3) | 7958 (37.0) | 2523 (38.2) | 0.99 (0.93,1.06) | 0.740 |
Educational level: high | |||||
Both | 1799 (6.4) | 1296 (6.0) | 503 (7.6) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 4153 (14.8) | 3108 (14.5) | 1045 (15.8) | 0.87 (0.76,0.99) | 0.030 |
Neither | 22,152 (78.8) | 17,100 (79.5) | 5062 (76.5) | 0.76 (0.68,0.85) | <0.001 |
Smoking status: never | |||||
Both | 18,524 (65.9) | 14,082 (65.5) | 4442 (67.3) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 9471 (33.7) | 7340 (34.1) | 2131 (32.3) | 0.90 (0.85,0.96) | <0.001 |
Neither | 109 (0.4) | 82 (0.4) | 27 (0.4) | 0.97 (0.62,1.51) | 0.879 |
Physical activity: yes | |||||
Both | 21,284 (75.7) | 16,209 (75.4) | 5075 (76.9) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 5172 (18.4) | 4037 (18.8) | 1135 (17.2) | 0.90 (0.84,0.97) | 0.007 |
Neither | 1648 (5.9) | 1258 (5.9) | 390 (5.9) | 1.00 (0.89,1.13) | 0.986 |
Abdominal obesity: no | |||||
Both | 6219 (22.1) | 5238 (24.4) | 981 (14.9) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 13,327 (47.4) | 10,817 (50.3) | 2510 (38.0) | 1.26 (1.16,1.37) | <0.001 |
Neither | 8558 (30.5) | 5449 (25.3) | 3109 (47.1) | 3.10 (2.86,3.37) | <0.001 |
Self-rated health: good | |||||
Both | 25,421 (90.5) | 19,423 (90.3) | 5998 (90.9) | ref | |
Husband/wife only | 2398 (8.5) | 1883 (8.8) | 515 (7.8) | 0.86 (0.77,0.95) | 0.004 |
Neither | 285 (1.0) | 198 (0.9) | 87 (1.3) | 1.30 (1.00,1.69) | 0.049 |
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Yuan, X.; Liu, W.; Ni, W.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yin, P.; Xu, J. Concordance of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Factors among Older Married Couples in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021426
Yuan X, Liu W, Ni W, Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yin P, Xu J. Concordance of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Factors among Older Married Couples in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021426
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Xueli, Wei Liu, Wenqing Ni, Yuanying Sun, Hongmin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Peng Yin, and Jian Xu. 2023. "Concordance of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Factors among Older Married Couples in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021426