Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Inferred from Riverine Water Chemistry in the Xi River Drainage, South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Geography
2.2. Geology
2.3. Climate and Human Activities
3. Sampling and Analysis Methods
4. Results
4.1. Major Ions
4.2. Strontium Isotopes
5. Discussion
5.1. Sources of Dissolved Loads
5.1.1. Atmospheric Input
5.1.2. Anthropogenic Inputs
5.1.3. Chemical Weathering Inputs
5.2. Contributions of the Sources
5.2.1. Calculation Methodology
- –
- All potassium was derived from silicate weathering;
- –
- Anthropogenic inputs were ignored or classified as atmospheric inputs;
- –
- Evaporite (including halite and gypsum) inputs were ignored.
5.2.2. Chemical Weathering Rates
5.2.3. CO2 Consumption Rate
5.2.4. Sulfuric Acid as Weathering Agent
6. Conclusions
- The water in the Xi River drainage is slightly alkaline with average pH values of 8.00 and 7.87 during the high- and low-water periods, respectively. The water was the HCO3—Ca/Mg type. The concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, and Sr decreased downstream along the main stream of the Xi River, whereas the 87Sr/86Sr ratios increased downstream. Spatial variations were consistent with the lithologic spatial distribution. Carbonates were most abundant in the upper courses, while more silicates appeared in the lower courses. Most major ion concentrations in the high-water period were in general lower than those in the low-water period. Seasonal variations were dominantly controlled by the water discharge, although a larger area of water-rock interaction could enhance chemical weathering. Variations in chemical weathering rates were controlled by climate (temperature, water discharge, and precipitation), vegetation, and so on. Higher temperatures, increased reactive mineral surface areas, and organic acids can accelerate chemical weathering.
- In the Xi River Basin, the SWR value was estimated at 2.37 t/km2/year, with values of 281.38 kg/km2/month and 113.65 kg/km2/month during the high- and low-water periods, respectively. The CWR value was estimated at 23.20 t/km2/year, with values of 2456.72 kg/km2/month and 1409.32 kg/km2/month, respectively. The LWR value was estimated at 19.59 t/km2/year, with values of 2042.74 kg/km2/month and 1222.38 kg/km2/month, respectively. The DWR value was estimated at 3.61 t/km2/year with values of 413.98 kg/km2/month and 186.94 kg/km2/month, respectively.
- The SWR values increased from 0.03 t/km2/year in the upper reaches to 2.37 t/km2/year in the lower reaches. The CWR values increased from 2.14 t/km2/year in the upper reaches to 32.65 t/km2/year in the middle reaches and then decreased to 23.20 t/km2/year in the lower reaches. The chemical weathering rates varied from one subbasin to another. The spatial variations in chemical weathering rates were controlled by lithology, vegetation, climate, and soil conditions.
- The CO2 flux consumed by chemical weathering was 189.79 × 109 mol/year in Xi River drainage. The CO2 fluxes consumed by carbonate and silicate weathering were 156.37 × 109 and 33.42 × 109 mol/year, respectively, accounting for 1.27% and 0.38% of the global CO2 consumption fluxes. The CO2 consumption fluxes by limestone and dolomite weathering were 127.48 × 109 and 28.89 × 109 mol/year, respectively. Sulfuric acid played a significant role in the CO2 budget by chemical weathering. The CO2 flux produced by sulfuric acid weathering was estimated at 30.00 × 109 mol/year in the basin. The upper and middle reaches were net carbon sources on a timescale of 107 years with a net released CO2 flux of 10.63 × 109 mol/year. However, the Xi River Basin was a CO2 sink with a net consumed CO2 flux of 3.42 × 109 mol/year.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
River | Period | Area (km2) | Runoff (mm/Year) | Discharge (km3/Year) | Chemical Weathering Rates kg/km2/Month | CO2 Consumption | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonic Acid 109 mol/Month | Sulfuric Acid −109 mol/Month | Carbonate Weathering 109 mol/Month | Limestone Weathering 109 mol/Month | Dolomite Weathering 109 mol/Month | Silicate Weathering 109 mol/Month | Total 109 mol/Month | ||||||||||||||
SWR | CWR | LWR | DWR | CCW | CLW | CDW | CSW | SCW | SLW | SDW | ||||||||||
Beipan | High-water period | 26,557 | 67.40 | 1.79 | 14.49 | 739.99 | 574.68 | 165.31 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.34 |
Nanpan | 56,809 | 17.60 | 1.00 | 1.72 | 186.66 | 131.65 | 55.01 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.22 | |
Hongshui | 137,719 | 272.37 | 37.51 | 74.23 | 2767.40 | 2344.94 | 422.47 | 8.08 | 6.64 | 1.44 | 0.27 | 1.18 | 0.97 | 0.21 | 6.90 | 5.67 | 1.23 | 0.27 | 7.17 | |
Yu | 89,677 | 342.12 | 30.68 | 486.48 | 2710.88 | 2557.84 | 153.05 | 5.41 | 5.06 | 0.36 | 1.77 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.04 | 4.76 | 4.44 | 0.32 | 1.77 | 6.53 | |
You | 38,612 | 342.64 | 13.23 | 537.50 | 2525.19 | 2224.64 | 300.55 | 2.82 | 2.42 | 0.40 | 0.92 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 2.50 | 2.14 | 0.36 | 0.92 | 3.42 | |
Zuo | 32,068 | 492.70 | 15.80 | 485.16 | 4784.88 | 4351.72 | 433.17 | 2.94 | 2.63 | 0.31 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 2.53 | 2.26 | 0.27 | 0.68 | 3.22 | |
Liu | 57,173 | 604.31 | 34.55 | 479.01 | 2973.24 | 2608.95 | 364.29 | 3.64 | 3.10 | 0.54 | 1.18 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 3.09 | 2.63 | 0.46 | 1.18 | 4.27 | |
Rong | 21,585 | 706.51 | 15.25 | 428.37 | 876.93 | 876.93 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.70 | |
Long | 16,449 | 599.43 | 9.86 | 392.94 | 6252.48 | 5248.98 | 1003.50 | 2.30 | 1.87 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 1.91 | 1.55 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 2.15 | |
Duliu | 11,326 | 702.81 | 7.96 | 636.54 | 889.92 | 889.92 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.49 | |
Guyi | 5098 | 890.55 | 4.54 | 386.76 | 1140.28 | 1140.28 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.16 | |
Qian | 198,005 | 490.29 | 97.08 | 85.88 | 3862.78 | 3515.31 | 347.47 | 17.47 | 15.59 | 1.88 | 0.50 | 3.31 | 2.96 | 0.36 | 14.15 | 12.63 | 1.52 | 0.50 | 14.65 | |
Xun | 308,271 | 532.29 | 164.09 | 284.64 | 3040.41 | 2787.84 | 252.57 | 24.81 | 22.42 | 2.39 | 3.59 | 3.70 | 3.33 | 0.37 | 21.11 | 19.09 | 2.02 | 3.59 | 24.70 | |
Gui | 19,288 | 770.43 | 14.86 | 622.68 | 2624.59 | 2624.59 | 0.00 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 1.80 | |
He | 11,536 | 720.35 | 8.31 | 1002.18 | 4121.33 | 3609.23 | 512.09 | 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 1.45 | |
Low Xi | 353,100 | 492.04 | 173.74 | 281.38 | 2456.72 | 2042.74 | 413.98 | 20.00 | 15.97 | 4.04 | 4.01 | 3.34 | 2.66 | 0.68 | 16.66 | 13.30 | 3.36 | 4.01 | 20.67 | |
Beipan | Low-water period | 26,557 | 32.38 | 0.86 | 5.69 | 274.24 | 214.76 | 59.49 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
Nanpan | 56,809 | 16.02 | 0.91 | 2.91 | 170.75 | 122.77 | 47.98 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.20 | |
Hongshui | 137,719 | 173.83 | 23.94 | 4.55 | 2084.92 | 1699.29 | 385.63 | 5.64 | 4.43 | 1.21 | 0.01 | 1.17 | 0.92 | 0.25 | 4.47 | 3.51 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 4.48 | |
Yu | 89,677 | 102.70 | 9.21 | 117.64 | 907.60 | 827.66 | 79.94 | 1.73 | 1.55 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 1.57 | 1.41 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 2.02 | |
You | 38,612 | 102.82 | 3.97 | 109.42 | 892.65 | 783.34 | 109.32 | 0.85 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.97 | |
Zuo | 32,068 | 147.81 | 4.74 | 86.62 | 1071.38 | 964.83 | 106.55 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.74 | |
Liu | 57,173 | 174.21 | 9.96 | 37.54 | 988.47 | 810.55 | 177.92 | 1.23 | 0.97 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 1.03 | 0.81 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 1.12 | |
Rong | 21,585 | 203.85 | 4.40 | 70.40 | 97.42 | 97.42 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.28 | |
Long | 16,449 | 172.65 | 2.84 | 61.18 | 1843.80 | 1556.49 | 287.32 | 0.62 | 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.53 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.57 | |
Duliu | 11,326 | 202.19 | 2.29 | 356.54 | 380.98 | 380.98 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.18 | |
Guyi | 5098 | 256.96 | 1.31 | 100.20 | 511.78 | 511.78 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.09 | |
Qian | 198,005 | 196.56 | 38.92 | 12.85 | 1578.86 | 1365.27 | 213.60 | 8.16 | 6.86 | 1.30 | 0.08 | 1.43 | 1.20 | 0.23 | 6.73 | 5.66 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 6.81 | |
Xun | 308,271 | 198.23 | 61.11 | 57.54 | 1484.80 | 1323.09 | 161.71 | 11.86 | 10.32 | 1.53 | 0.65 | 2.31 | 2.02 | 0.30 | 9.54 | 8.31 | 1.24 | 0.65 | 10.20 | |
Gui | 19,288 | 263.89 | 5.09 | 124.59 | 697.73 | 697.73 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.41 | |
He | 11,536 | 246.19 | 2.84 | 492.02 | 1566.03 | 1299.54 | 266.49 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.44 | |
Low Xi | 353,100 | 186.83 | 65.97 | 113.65 | 1409.32 | 1222.38 | 186.94 | 11.06 | 9.34 | 1.72 | 1.56 | 1.66 | 1.39 | 0.27 | 9.40 | 7.95 | 1.45 | 1.56 | 10.96 |
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River Name | Sample No. | Date | pH | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | NO3− | SiO2 | Sr (μmol/L) | 87Sr/86Sr | TDS (mg/L) | TZ+ (μeq/L) | TZ− (μeq/L) | NICB (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||
Lower Xi | X1 | July 2019 | 7.88 | 9 | 116 | 674 | 209 | 70 | 135 | 1611 | 0 | 140 | 1.507 | 0.7090 | 157.11 | 1891 | 1951 | −1.56 |
Lower Xi | X2 | 8.03 | 0 | 94 | 745 | 153 | 98 | 117 | 1429 | 26 | 142 | 0.619 | 0.7128 | 147.65 | 1890 | 1787 | 2.80 | |
He | X3 | 8.18 | 21 | 113 | 821 | 197 | 148 | 137 | 1785 | 21 | 269 | 1.164 | 0.7115 | 185.72 | 2170 | 2228 | −1.32 | |
Lower Xi | X4 | 8.05 | 33 | 108 | 796 | 224 | 64 | 139 | 1724 | 0 | 132 | 1.234 | 0.7099 | 169.69 | 2181 | 2066 | 2.71 | |
Lower Xi | X5 | 7.98 | 19 | 98 | 689 | 146 | 97 | 111 | 1352 | 0 | 108 | 0.791 | 0.7105 | 137.11 | 1787 | 1671 | 3.35 | |
Xun | X6 | 7.88 | 21 | 122 | 1045 | 204 | 85 | 146 | 2215 | 0 | 122 | 1.105 | 0.7101 | 209.79 | 2641 | 2592 | 0.94 | |
Gui | X7 | 7.94 | 29 | 94 | 490 | 139 | 72 | 111 | 1193 | 12 | 176 | 0.468 | 0.7109 | 123.52 | 1381 | 1499 | −4.10 | |
He | X8 | 8.24 | 19 | 119 | 987 | 231 | 134 | 145 | 2173 | 202 | 106 | 0.687 | 0.7115 | 218.62 | 2574 | 2799 | −4.19 | |
Gui | X9 | 8.01 | 0 | 96 | 616 | 142 | 104 | 89 | 1456 | 19 | 132 | 0.997 | 0.7106 | 140.41 | 1612 | 1757 | −4.30 | |
Gui | X10 | 7.94 | 3 | 116 | 547 | 145 | 62 | 103 | 1374 | 16 | 154 | 0.813 | 0.7116 | 134.28 | 1503 | 1658 | −4.90 | |
Gui | X11 | 7.93 | 0 | 121 | 525 | 147 | 160 | 54 | 1307 | 16 | 155 | 0.717 | 0.7125 | 128.19 | 1465 | 1591 | −4.12 | |
Guyi | X12 | 7.51 | 0 | 117 | 157 | 70 | 31 | 46 | 408 | 12 | 134 | 0.458 | 0.7157 | 49.84 | 571 | 543 | 2.51 | |
Duliu | X13 | 7.45 | 19 | 87 | 245 | 84 | 36 | 68 | 621 | 0 | 146 | 0.441 | 0.7152 | 69.01 | 764 | 793 | −1.86 | |
Rong | X14 | 7.48 | 0 | 90 | 198 | 83 | 36 | 76 | 525 | 0 | 157 | 0.418 | 0.7154 | 62.00 | 652 | 713 | −4.47 | |
Liu | X15 | 7.92 | 12 | 105 | 787 | 186 | 65 | 179 | 1557 | 5 | 98 | 0.923 | 0.7121 | 159.49 | 2063 | 1985 | 1.93 | |
Liu | X16 | 7.73 | 0 | 98 | 724 | 158 | 49 | 128 | 1468 | 0 | 125 | 0.892 | 0.7116 | 146.08 | 1862 | 1773 | 2.45 | |
Long | X17 | 7.89 | 27 | 101 | 1504 | 287 | 88 | 248 | 2945 | 119 | 88 | 1.659 | 0.7085 | 289.66 | 3710 | 3648 | 0.84 | |
Hongshui | X18 | 7.98 | 32 | 138 | 1326 | 248 | 106 | 192 | 2628 | 105 | 89 | 1.969 | 0.7088 | 257.77 | 3318 | 3223 | 1.45 | |
Yu | X19 | 7.92 | 65 | 178 | 1165 | 137 | 181 | 154 | 2150 | 21 | 71 | 0.788 | 0.7109 | 214.44 | 2847 | 2660 | 3.40 | |
Xun | X20 | 7.91 | 0 | 104 | 853 | 163 | 122 | 141 | 1676 | 33 | 123 | 0.926 | 0.7091 | 169.95 | 2136 | 2113 | 0.54 | |
Qian | X21 | 8.03 | 0 | 124 | 1231 | 213 | 78 | 219 | 2310 | 0 | 91 | 1.236 | 0.7091 | 227.37 | 3012 | 2826 | 3.19 | |
Qian | X22 | 8.17 | 29 | 112 | 1084 | 166 | 99 | 196 | 2070 | 5 | 108 | 0.987 | 0.7096 | 206.44 | 2641 | 2566 | 1.44 | |
Yu | X23 | 8.20 | 32 | 131 | 1294 | 157 | 151 | 131 | 2530 | 0 | 89 | 0.898 | 0.7103 | 237.40 | 3065 | 2943 | 2.03 | |
Yu | X24 | 8.15 | 5 | 101 | 1402 | 198 | 131 | 154 | 2713 | 41 | 134 | 0.993 | 0.7106 | 258.86 | 3306 | 3193 | 1.74 | |
Zuo | X25 | 8.09 | 0 | 92 | 1441 | 194 | 138 | 171 | 2495 | 81 | 109 | 0.789 | 0.7109 | 249.48 | 3362 | 3056 | 4.77 | |
You | X26 | 8.21 | 0 | 204 | 1320 | 228 | 113 | 175 | 2860 | 103 | 102 | 0.841 | 0.7096 | 270.74 | 3300 | 3426 | −1.87 | |
Beipan | X27 | 8.29 | 27 | 166 | 1580 | 331 | 41 | 327 | 3005 | 122 | 98 | 2.810 | 0.7082 | 305.61 | 4015 | 3822 | 2.46 | |
Nanpan | X28 | 8.47 | 15 | 117 | 1383 | 420 | 58 | 204 | 3079 | 148 | 78.2 | 1.749 | 0.7085 | 292.01 | 3738 | 3693 | 0.61 | |
Beipan | X29 | 8.51 | 31 | 177 | 1372 | 382 | 46 | 346 | 2846 | 155 | 103 | 2.915 | 0.7079 | 293.57 | 3716 | 3739 | −0.31 | |
You | X30 | 8.07 | 0 | 159 | 1368 | 275 | 81 | 166 | 3095 | 78 | 124 | 0.892 | 0.7097 | 284.86 | 3445 | 3586 | −2.01 | |
Lower Xi | X1 | October 2019 | 7.66 | 11 | 177 | 1074 | 209 | 159 | 201 | 2144 | 0 | 112 | 1.107 | 0.7101 | 214.89 | 2754 | 2704 | 0.91 |
Lower Xi | X2 | 7.69 | 9 | 148 | 1188 | 225 | 135 | 120 | 2163 | 54 | 116 | 1.347 | 0.7095 | 215.29 | 2985 | 2593 | 7.03 | |
He | X3 | 7.88 | 8 | 121 | 418 | 120 | 101 | 73 | 953 | 52 | 136 | 0.387 | 0.7165 | 102.82 | 1206 | 1252 | −1.88 | |
Lower Xi | X4 | 7.81 | 9 | 142 | 950 | 188 | 128 | 174 | 1786 | 0 | 110 | 0.972 | 0.7104 | 182.90 | 2427 | 2262 | 3.52 | |
Lower Xi | X5 | 7.76 | 10 | 113 | 701 | 153 | 97 | 55 | 1489 | 6 | 89 | 0.661 | 0.7122 | 139.91 | 1830 | 1701 | 3.67 | |
Xun | X6 | 7.96 | 10 | 146 | 1210 | 228 | 133 | 255 | 2273 | 81 | 133 | 1.358 | 0.7094 | 238.51 | 3034 | 2997 | 0.61 | |
Gui | X7 | 7.53 | 11 | 102 | 533 | 127 | 84 | 85 | 1240 | 22 | 174 | 0.436 | 0.7148 | 125.76 | 1433 | 1517 | −2.84 | |
He | X8 | 7.94 | 21 | 294 | 1703 | 323 | 698 | 315 | 2392 | 445 | 134 | 0.767 | 0.7106 | 319.98 | 4368 | 4164 | 2.39 | |
Gui | X9 | 7.36 | 0 | 94 | 496 | 47 | 72 | 74 | 987 | 21 | 172 | 0.365 | 0.7131 | 104.65 | 1180 | 1229 | −2.04 | |
Gui | X10 | 7.46 | 5 | 45 | 408 | 38 | 49 | 62 | 764 | 81 | 177 | 0.308 | 0.7139 | 88.38 | 941 | 1018 | −3.92 | |
Gui | X11 | 7.51 | 0 | 46 | 438 | 39 | 47 | 61 | 1111 | 36 | 175 | 0.321 | 0.7137 | 107.52 | 1000 | 1315 | −13.62 | |
Guyi | X12 | 7.63 | 0 | 102 | 254 | 96 | 39 | 69 | 824 | 32 | 128 | 0.468 | 0.7161 | 82.67 | 801 | 1032 | −12.57 | |
Duliu | X13 | 7.50 | 18 | 185 | 388 | 121 | 89 | 162 | 804 | 0 | 100 | 0.456 | 0.7150 | 97.15 | 1222 | 1217 | 0.23 | |
Rong | X14 | 7.45 | 0 | 137 | 306 | 117 | 53 | 93 | 863 | 29 | 129 | 0.506 | 0.7154 | 91.22 | 983 | 1131 | −7.02 | |
Liu | X15 | 7.91 | 29 | 510 | 802 | 257 | 799 | 197 | 1459 | 0 | 107 | 0.779 | 0.7125 | 193.82 | 2656 | 2653 | 0.06 | |
Liu | X16 | 7.88 | 0 | 130 | 724 | 185 | 82 | 125 | 1538 | 19 | 103 | 0.795 | 0.7113 | 152.50 | 1948 | 1890 | 1.52 | |
Long | X17 | 7.94 | 0 | 61 | 1482 | 267 | 83 | 207 | 2729 | 74 | 85 | 1.369 | 0.7085 | 266.09 | 3559 | 3301 | 3.77 | |
Hongshui | X18 | 7.83 | 4 | 148 | 1552 | 316 | 112 | 293 | 2828 | 124 | 97 | 3.218 | 0.7084 | 291.35 | 3887 | 3651 | 3.13 | |
Yu | X19 | 8.03 | 18 | 148 | 1282 | 175 | 171 | 105 | 2431 | 66 | 82 | 0.666 | 0.7110 | 233.07 | 3080 | 2879 | 3.37 | |
Xun | X20 | 7.95 | 5 | 146 | 1371 | 252 | 138 | 211 | 2512 | 89 | 79 | 2.031 | 0.7089 | 253.08 | 3397 | 3161 | 3.61 | |
Qian | X21 | 7.90 | 4 | 155 | 1308 | 263 | 133 | 228 | 2509 | 0 | 195 | 2.271 | 0.7088 | 253.63 | 3299 | 3097 | 3.15 | |
Qian | X22 | 8.28 | 5 | 170 | 1320 | 268 | 140 | 214 | 2546 | 0 | 135 | 2.237 | 0.7089 | 252.22 | 3351 | 3113 | 3.68 | |
Yu | X23 | 7.89 | 16 | 155 | 1354 | 179 | 184 | 121 | 2640 | 0 | 56 | 0.698 | 0.7107 | 245.16 | 3237 | 3065 | 2.72 | |
Yu | X24 | 7.99 | 3 | 120 | 1358 | 189 | 151 | 117 | 2560 | 37 | 68 | 0.749 | 0.7106 | 240.86 | 3217 | 2982 | 3.79 | |
Zuo | X25 | 8.01 | 7 | 129 | 996 | 164 | 123 | 109 | 1935 | 69 | 125 | 0.662 | 0.7118 | 191.61 | 2456 | 2344 | 2.33 | |
You | X26 | 8.05 | 0 | 100 | 1357 | 219 | 68 | 95 | 2803 | 51 | 167 | 0.786 | 0.7096 | 257.63 | 3252 | 3114 | 2.18 | |
Beipan | X27 | 8.38 | 13 | 207 | 1341 | 397 | 133 | 367 | 2511 | 138 | 98 | 3.309 | 0.7085 | 275.93 | 3697 | 3514 | 2.53 | |
Nanpan | X28 | 8.43 | 19 | 188 | 1620 | 495 | 147 | 304 | 3250 | 134 | 128 | 2.944 | 0.7085 | 330.46 | 4437 | 4140 | 3.46 | |
Beipan | X29 | 8.48 | 14 | 255 | 1583 | 401 | 104 | 536 | 2704 | 171 | 88 | 4.975 | 0.7079 | 315.40 | 4236 | 4053 | 2.22 | |
You | X30 | 7.96 | 0 | 177 | 1422 | 240 | 106 | 131 | 2918 | 0 | 156 | 0.856 | 0.7096 | 270.37 | 3501 | 3285 | 3.18 |
End Member | Ca2+/Na+ | Mg2+/Na+ | HCO3−/Na+ | Cl−/Na+ | 1000 * Sr/Na+ | 87Sr/86Sr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marine aerosol [33] | 0.022 | 0.12 | 0.004 | 0.19 | 1.16 | 0.709 |
Rain in high-water period [35] | 3.83 | 1.08 | 23.14 | 1.41 | 16.51 | 0.709 [36] |
Rain in low-water period [35] | 1.66 | 0.30 | 13.58 | 0.61 | 9.69 | 0.709 [36] |
Carbonate [33] | 30–70 | 12–28 | 60–140 | 0.001 | 50–100 | 0.707–0.709 |
Silicate [33] | 0.01–0.56 | 0–0.68 | 1–3 | 0.001 | 1–175 | 0.708–0.910 |
End Member | Mg2+/Ca2+ | Na+/Ca2+ | Mg2+/Sr | Ca2+/Sr | Na+/Sr | 87Sr/86Sr | HCO3−/(HCO3− + SO42−) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limestone | ~0.1 | ~0.02 | 40–50 | ~350 | >10 | ~0.7075 | ~0.7 |
Dolomite | ~1.1 | ~0.02 | ~2000 | ~2000 | >100 | ~0.711 | ~0.9 |
Silicate | 0.4–0.8 | ~5 | ~200 | ~200 | >700 | >0.715 | 0.8–0.9 |
End Member | Ca2+/Na+ | Mg2+/Na+ | HCO3−/Na+ | Cl−/Na+ | 1000 * Sr/Na+ | 87Sr/86Sr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-water period | ||||||
Rain | 3.83 | 1.08 | 23.14 | 1.41 | 16.51 | 0.7090 |
Carbonate | 43.44 | 12.00 | 64.55 | 0.001 | 50 | 0.7083 |
Silicate | 0.56 | 0.02 | 3.00 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.7108 |
Low-water period | ||||||
Rain | 1.66 | 0.30 | 13.58 | 0.61 | 9.69 | 0.7090 |
Carbonate | 52.41 | 12.00 | 78.21 | 0.001 | 50 | 0.7090 |
Silicate | 0.56 | 0.06 | 3.00 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.7225 |
River | Chemical Weathering Rates t/km2/Year | CO2 Consumption | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonic Acid 109 mol/Year | Sulfuric Acid−109 mol/Year | Carbonate Weathering 109 mol/Year | Limestone Weathering 109 mol/Year | Dolomite Weathering 109 mol/Year | Silicate Weathering 109 mol/Year | Total 109 mol/Year | ||||||||||
SWR | CWR | LWR | DWR | CCW | CLW | CDW | CSW | SCW | SLW | SDW | ||||||
Beipan | 0.12 | 6.09 | 4.74 | 1.35 | 3.70 | 2.75 | 0.95 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.25 | 2.72 | 2.02 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 2.80 |
Nanpan | 0.03 | 2.14 | 1.53 | 0.62 | 3.00 | 2.01 | 0.99 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 2.52 | 1.69 | 0.83 | 0.04 | 2.56 |
Hongshui | 0.47 | 29.11 | 24.27 | 4.85 | 82.28 | 66.40 | 15.88 | 1.72 | 14.11 | 11.34 | 2.77 | 68.17 | 55.05 | 13.12 | 1.72 | 69.89 |
Yu | 3.62 | 21.71 | 20.31 | 1.40 | 42.85 | 39.62 | 3.23 | 13.34 | 4.86 | 4.52 | 0.34 | 37.99 | 35.09 | 2.89 | 13.34 | 51.32 |
You | 3.88 | 20.51 | 18.05 | 2.46 | 22.04 | 18.89 | 3.15 | 6.66 | 2.36 | 2.02 | 0.34 | 19.69 | 16.87 | 2.81 | 6.66 | 26.35 |
Zuo | 3.43 | 35.14 | 31.90 | 3.24 | 21.91 | 19.52 | 2.39 | 4.77 | 2.95 | 2.63 | 0.32 | 18.96 | 16.89 | 2.07 | 4.77 | 23.73 |
Liu | 3.10 | 23.77 | 20.52 | 3.25 | 29.24 | 24.42 | 4.82 | 7.56 | 4.48 | 3.74 | 0.74 | 24.76 | 20.69 | 4.07 | 7.56 | 32.32 |
Rong | 2.99 | 5.85 | 5.85 | 0.00 | 4.69 | 4.69 | 0.00 | 2.42 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 3.48 | 3.48 | 0.00 | 2.42 | 5.90 |
Long | 2.72 | 48.58 | 40.83 | 7.74 | 17.56 | 14.29 | 3.27 | 1.67 | 2.91 | 2.37 | 0.54 | 14.65 | 11.92 | 2.72 | 1.67 | 16.32 |
Duliu | 5.96 | 7.63 | 7.63 | 0.00 | 2.16 | 2.16 | 0.00 | 2.47 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 2.47 | 4.04 |
Guyi | 2.92 | 9.91 | 9.91 | 0.00 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 1.50 |
Qian | 0.59 | 32.65 | 29.28 | 3.37 | 153.73 | 134.70 | 19.03 | 3.51 | 28.43 | 24.94 | 3.49 | 125.29 | 109.76 | 15.54 | 3.51 | 128.80 |
Xun | 2.05 | 27.15 | 24.67 | 2.49 | 220.00 | 196.44 | 23.56 | 25.43 | 36.06 | 32.07 | 3.98 | 183.94 | 164.37 | 19.57 | 25.43 | 209.37 |
Gui | 4.48 | 19.93 | 19.93 | 0.00 | 10.81 | 10.81 | 0.00 | 3.73 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 9.49 | 9.49 | 0.00 | 3.73 | 13.21 |
He | 8.97 | 34.12 | 29.45 | 4.67 | 8.47 | 7.24 | 1.22 | 4.26 | 1.41 | 1.20 | 0.21 | 7.06 | 6.04 | 1.01 | 4.26 | 11.32 |
Low Xi | 2.37 | 23.20 | 19.59 | 3.61 | 186.37 | 151.83 | 34.54 | 33.42 | 30.00 | 24.34 | 5.65 | 156.37 | 127.48 | 28.89 | 33.42 | 189.79 |
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Zhao, Y.; Wijbrans, J.R.; Wang, H.; Vroon, P.Z.; Ma, J.; Zhao, Y. Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Inferred from Riverine Water Chemistry in the Xi River Drainage, South China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021516
Zhao Y, Wijbrans JR, Wang H, Vroon PZ, Ma J, Zhao Y. Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Inferred from Riverine Water Chemistry in the Xi River Drainage, South China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021516
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yanpu, Jan R. Wijbrans, Hua Wang, Pieter Z. Vroon, Jianghao Ma, and Yanqiong Zhao. 2023. "Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Inferred from Riverine Water Chemistry in the Xi River Drainage, South China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021516