Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Historic Buildings and Surface Subsidence Due to Coal Mining in Shanxi
2.1. The Number and Distribution of Ancient Wooden Buildings in Shanxi Province
- (1)
- Northern region: Yizhou, Datong, Shuozhou.
- (2)
- Central region: Taiyuan, Lyuliang, Jinzhong and Yangquan.
- (3)
- Southeastern region: Changzhi, Jincheng.
- (4)
- Southern region: Linfen, Yuncheng.
2.2. Distribution and Mining of Coal Resources in Shanxi Province
2.3. Surface Subsidence in Lu’an Mining Area
- (1)
- Due to long-term coal mining in the mining area, the surface subsidence area reaches 79.01 km2, accounting for 2.15% of the total mining area, of which the stable subsidence area is 57.5 km2, the unstable subsidence area is 21.51 km2, and the maximum subsidence of the subsidence area reaches 4.99 m [34].
- (2)
- The areas with significant surface subsidence in the Lu’an mining area are mainly located in the eastern and northern areas of Changzhi County, the southern part of Xiangqi County and the eastern part of Tunliu County.
- (3)
- During 2006.04–2010.05, the southern part of Xiangqi County sinks at an average rate of 0.43 cm per year, Xia Dian at an average rate of 0.16 cm per year, the eastern part of Changzhi County and the northern part of Changzhi County sinks at an average rate of 2.53 cm per year and the eastern part of Tunliu County sinks at an average rate of 3.2 cm.
- (4)
- The distribution of these subsidence areas in the Lu’an mining area is more concentrated. Since 2007, the subsidence rate in the southern part of Xiangqi County has increased slowly, but the subsidence area tends to expand significantly. The subsidence area in the eastern part of Tunliu County does not expand significantly, but the subsidence magnitude increases significantly. The subsidence rate in the eastern part of Changzhi County and the northern part of Changzhi County not only increases in speed, but also the area of the subsidence area continues to expand; in contrast, the subsidence rate and the subsidence area in the Xia Dian area are more stable.
- (5)
- Although the area and scale of subsidence zones formed by other small and medium-sized coal mines in the Lu’an mining area from 2007 onward are smaller, they are almost connected, and their subsidence rates and subsidence areas tend to decrease gradually.
2.4. Mechanism of Surface Subsidence Formation in Lu’an Mining Area
- (1)
- Significant local subsidence caused by the change of rock stress field in the mining area
- (2)
- Large-scale ground subsidence caused by groundwater extraction
- (3)
- Regional faults aggravate surface subsidence
3. Methods
- Wcm—the maximum subsidence value under full mining conditions, mm;
- Wfm—the maximum subsidence value under non-sufficient mining conditions, mm;
- M—mining thickness, mm;
- D2—thickness of Loose Strata, m;
- D1—thickness of bedrock, m;
- H0—average mining depth of the working face, m;
- D0—working face slope length, length of the projection to the surface by angle, m;
- α—dip angle of coal seam, degrees.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Results
4.2. Impacts of Coal Mining on Historic Buildings in Overlapping Areas
4.3. Technical Measures to Reduce the Impact of Surface Subsidence on Historic Buildings in Overlapping Areas
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macro Factors | Number | Influencing Factors |
---|---|---|
Geological factors | A1 | Dip angle of coal seam α/° |
A2 | Bedrock thickness D1/m | |
A3 | Loose Strata thickness D2/m | |
Mining Factors | A4 | Mining height H/m |
A5 | Average mining depth H0/m | |
A6 | Workface strike length L1/m | |
A7 | Working surface inclination length L2/m |
Number | A0 | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.72 | 8 | 187 | 25 | 3 | 212 | 770 | 180 |
2 | 0.72 | 7 | 144 | 20 | 3 | 164 | 500 | 160 |
3 | 0.80 | 8 | 510 | 40 | 6.5 | 540 | 1514 | 190 |
4 | 0.82 | 7 | 300 | 29 | 5.4 | 329 | 1450 | 200 |
5 | 0.82 | 2 | 288 | 62 | 6.2 | 350 | 223 | 1560 |
6 | 0.86 | 4 | 288 | 30 | 6.2 | 318 | 716 | 188 |
7 | 0.94 | 5 | 56 | 186 | 6.7 | 242 | 690 | 174 |
Number | A0 | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.8873 | 1.3659 | 0.7383 | 0.4464 | 0.5676 | 0.6886 | 0.9193 | 0.4751 |
2 | 0.8873 | 1.1951 | 0.5685 | 0.3571 | 0.5676 | 0.5327 | 0.5970 | 0.4223 |
3 | 0.9859 | 1.3659 | 2.0135 | 0.7143 | 1.2297 | 1.7541 | 1.8076 | 0.5015 |
4 | 1.0106 | 1.1951 | 1.1844 | 0.5179 | 1.0216 | 1.0687 | 1.7312 | 0.5279 |
5 | 1.0106 | 0.3415 | 1.1371 | 1.1607 | 1.1730 | 1.1369 | 0.2662 | 4.1176 |
6 | 1.0599 | 0.6829 | 1.1371 | 0.5357 | 1.1730 | 1.0329 | 0.8549 | 0.49621 |
7 | 1.1585 | 0.8537 | 0.2211 | 3.3214 | 1.2676 | 0.7861 | 0.8238 | 0.4592 |
|A0-A1| | |A0-A2| | |A0-A3| | |A0-A4| | |A0-A5| | |A0-A6| | |A0-A7| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.4786 | 0.1490 | 0.4409 | 0.3197 | 0.1987 | 0.0320 | 0.4122 |
0.3078 | 0.3188 | 0.5302 | 0.3197 | 0.3546 | 0.2903 | 0.4650 |
0.3800 | 1.0276 | 0.2716 | 0.2438 | 0.7682 | 0.8217 | 0.4844 |
0.1845 | 0.1738 | 0.4927 | 0.0110 | 0.0581 | 0.7206 | 0.4827 |
0.6691 | 0.1265 | 0.1501 | 0.1624 | 0.1263 | 0.7444 | 3.1070 |
03770 | 0.0772 | 0.5242 | 0.1131 | 0.0270 | 0.2050 | 0.5637 |
0.3048 | 0.9374 | 2.1629 | 0.1091 | 0.3724 | 0.3347 | 0.6993 |
Number | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of grey contacts | 0.7699 | 0.9189 | 0.7844 | 0.8352 | 0.8928 | 0.9868 | 0.7959 |
0.8405 | 0.8356 | 0.7508 | 0.8352 | 0.8199 | 0.8485 | 0.7751 | |
0.8092 | 0.6061 | 0.8572 | 0.8705 | 0.6739 | 0.6587 | 0.7677 | |
0.9002 | 0.9057 | 0.7646 | 1.0000 | 0.9708 | 0.6880 | 0.7683 | |
0.7039 | 0.9313 | 0.9183 | 0.9118 | 0.9314 | 0.6808 | 0.3357 | |
0.8104 | 0.9594 | 0.7530 | 0.9387 | 0.9899 | 0.8897 | 0.7389 | |
0.8419 | 0.6281 | 0.4210 | 0.9410 | 0.8123 | 0.8286 | 0.6945 |
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Sun, Y.; Zhu, S.; Peng, Z.; Yang, C.; Zhou, B.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y. Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021543
Sun Y, Zhu S, Peng Z, Yang C, Zhou B, Wang X, Zhao Y. Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021543
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yingfeng, Shuaipeng Zhu, Zhiqian Peng, Chunran Yang, Biao Zhou, Xiaoliang Wang, and Yixin Zhao. 2023. "Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021543