The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Ethical Aspects/Considerations
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Intervention Procedure
2.5. Instrumentation
2.5.1. Anthropometry Measurements
2.5.2. Anthropometric Derived Variables
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | Re-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Re-Test | |||||||
Mean | Std Error | Mean | Std Error | Mean | Std Error | Mean | Std Error | Mean | Std Error | Mean | Std Error | |
Body mass (kg) | 24.00 | 0.576 | 23.84 a–b,* | 0.576 | 25.63 | 0.578 | 23.66 | 0.725 | 24.07 | 0.726 | 25.37 | 0.730 |
Stature (cm) | 121.81 | 0.741 | 123.41 | 0.741 | 125.43 | 0.742 | 122.08 | 0.933 | 123.45 | 0.934 | 125.48 | 0.935 |
TSKF (mm) | 8.89 | 0.415 | 8.32 | 0.415 | 8.77 | 0.420 | 9.43 | 0.523 | 8.31 | 0.526 | 8.93 | 0.534 |
SSKF (mm) | 5.59 | 0.366 | 5.65 | 0.366 | 5.27 b–c,* | 0.368 | 5.61 | 0.461 | 5.66 | 0.462 | 5.80 | 0.465 |
Waist circumference | 53.34 | 0.635 | 53.07 a–b,* | 0.635 | 54.97 | 0.643 | 52.21 | 0.799 | 53.50 | 0.805 | 54.69 | 0.819 |
Hip circumference | 63.07 | 0.712 | 64.85 | 0.712 | 66.32 | 0.717 | 61.60 | 0.895 | 66.16 | 0.899 | 66.64 | 0.908 |
BMI | 16.17 | 0.266 | 15.57 a–b,* | 0.266 | 16.19 | 0.269 | 15.79 | 0.335 | 15.72 | 0.337 | 16.02 | 0.341 |
Fat % | 12.82 | 0.696 | 12.49 | 0.696 | 11.04 | 0.696 | 13.58 | 0.876 | 12.15 | 0.886 | 10.36 | 0.871 |
Sum of SKF | 14.48 | 0.796 | 13.98 | 0.796 | 12.78 | 0.796 | 15.04 | 1.002 | 13.53 | 1.011 | 11.84 | 0.998 |
Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Boys Mean | Girls Mean | Boys Mean | Girls Mean | Variance | p Values | |||||||||||||||
T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | EST | Part | Group | Time | Group * Time | Sex | Group * Sex | Time * Sex | Group * Time * Sex | |
Body Mass | 23.7 | 23.5 | 25.2 | 24.4 | 24.1 | 26.1 | 24.4 | 24.9 | 26.1 | 23.0 | 23.3 | 24.7 | 1.0 | 17.8 | 0.892 | <0.01 | 0.141 | 0.687 | 0.222 | 0.712 | 0.943 |
Stature | 121.7 | 123.1 | 125.2 | 121.9 | 123.7 | 125.7 | 121.4 | 122.5 | 124.6 | 122.8 | 124.4 | 126.4 | 0.6 | 30.6 | 0.919 | <0.01 | 0.567 | 0.371 | 0.585 | 0.139 | 0.927 |
TSKF | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 8.2 | 0.718 | <0.01 | 0.336 | 0.005 | 0.073 | 0.710 | 0.562 |
SSKF | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 7.1 | 0.748 | 0.587 | 0.051 | 0.341 | 0.201 | 0.026 | 0.045 |
Waist Cir | 53.3 | 53.1 | 55.1 | 53.4 | 53.1 | 54.9 | 54.1 | 55.8 | 55.7 | 50.4 | 51.2 | 53.7 | 4.5 | 18.4 | 0.731 | <0.01 | 0.054 | 0.079 | 0.081 | 0.211 | 0.112 |
Hip Cir. | 61.4 | 63.7 | 64.8 | 64.7 | 66.0 | 67.8 | 61.9 | 66.6 | 67.0 | 61.3 | 65.7 | 66.3 | 3.1 | 25.7 | 0.961 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.317 | 0.108 | 0.425 | 0.880 |
BMI | 16.1 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 0.747 | <0.01 | 0.060 | 0.189 | 0.041 | 0.657 | 0.821 |
Fat % | 10.3 | 10.2 | 8.4 | 15.3 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 9.0 | 14.7 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 15.4 | 12.2 | 0.921 | <0.01 | 0.445 | <0.01 | 0.076 | 0.376 | 0.696 |
Sum of SKF | 12.2 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 14.2 | 11.1 | 15.4 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 15.1 | 21.0 | 0.802 | <0.01 | 0.421 | 0.038 | 0.069 | 0.280 | 0.699 |
Intervention Group (Boys) | Intervention Group (Girls) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables/Time | Mean Diff (SD) | df | p-Value | d | Mean Diff (SD) | df | p-Value | d |
Subscapular | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | −0.09 ± 0.84 | 26 | 0.571 | 0.0 | −0.04 ± 0.92 | 29 | 0.828 | 0.0 |
Post-test—re-test | 0.33 ± 0.77 | 23 | 0.046 | 0.2 | 0.38 ± 1.20 | 27 | 0.102 | 0.2 |
Pre-test—re-test | 0.37 ± 0.74 | 23 | 0.023 | 0.1 | 0.31 ± 1.43 | 27 | 0.259 | 0.2 |
Waist | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | 0.22 ± 3.01 | 26 | 0.705 | 0.0 | 0.32 ± 2.64 | 29 | 0.516 | 0.1 |
Post-test—re-test | −1.97 ± 2.11 | 23 | <0.01 | 0.4 | −1.81 ± 3.85 | 27 | 0.019 | 0.4 |
Pre-test—re-test | −1.81 ± 3.14 | 23 | 0.010 | 0.4 | −1.53 ± 3.51 | 27 | 0.029 | 0.3 |
BMI | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | 0.58 ± 1.46 | 26 | 0.048 | 0.3 | 0.61 ± 0.81 | 29 | <0.01 | 0.3 |
Post-test—re-test | −0.52 ± 0.60 | 23 | <0.01 | 0.3 | −0.73 ± 1.17 | 27 | 0.003 | 0.4 |
Pre-test—re-test | 0.13 ± 1.81 | 23 | 0.723 | 0.1 | −0.15 ± 0.80 | 27 | 0.333 | 0.1 |
Control group (Boys) | Control group (Girls) | |||||||
Subscapular | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | −0.54 ± 1.28 | 16 | 0.099 | 0.2 | 0.42 ± 0.94 | 17 | 0.076 | 0.2 |
Post-test—re-test | 0.35 ± 1.24 | 13 | 0.312 | 0.2 | −0.69 ± 0.83 | 14 | 0.006 | 0.3 |
Pre-test—re-test | −0.11 ± 0.91 | 13 | 0.666 | 0.0 | −0.26 ± 0.72 | 15 | 0.173 | 0.1 |
Waist | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | −1.60 ± 2.05 | 16 | 0.005 | 0.4 | −0.96 ± 3.00 | 17 | 0.194 | 0.2 |
Post-test—re-test | −0.29 ± 2.77 | 13 | 0.699 | 0.0 | −2.52 ± 3.75 | 14 | 0.021 | 0.5 |
Pre-test—re-test | −1.68 ± 2.13 | 13 | 0.011 | 0.3 | −3.33 ± 2.90 | 15 | <0.01 | 0.7 |
BMI | ||||||||
Pre-test—post-test | −0.04 ± 1.02 | 16 | 0.871 | 0.1 | 0.18 ± 0.41 | 17 | 0.083 | 0.1 |
Post-test—re-test | −0.21 ± 0.40 | 13 | 0.067 | 0.1 | −0.38 ± 0.67 | 14 | 0.044 | 0.2 |
Pre-test—re-test | −0.34 ± 1.05 | 13 | 0.243 | 0.2 | −0.20 ± 0.62 | 15 | 0.217 | 0.2 |
BMI Classification | Total (93) Pre-Test | IG (57) | CG (36) | Total (92) Post-Test | IG (57) | CG (35) | Total (82) Re-Test | IG (52) | CG (30) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Underweight | 9 | 9.68 | 5 | 8.77 | 4 | 11.11 | 10 | 10.87 | 4 | 7.02 | 6 | 17.14 | 1 | 1.22 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.33 |
Normal weight | 71 | 76.34 | 41 | 71.93 | 30 | 83.33 | 72 | 78.26 | 47 | 82.5 | 25 | 71.43 | 70 | 85.37 | 44 | 84.62 | 26 | 86.67 |
Overweight | 9 | 9.68 | 8 | 14.04 | 1 | 2.78 | 8 | 8.70 | 5 | 8.77 | 3 | 8.57 | 10 | 12.19 | 7 | 13.46 | 3 | 10 |
Obese | 4 | 4.30 | 3 | 5.26 | 1 | 2.78 | 2 | 2.17 | 1 | 1.75 | 1 | 2.86 | 1 | 1.22 | 1 | 1.92 | 0 | 0 |
Overweight + obese | 13 | 13.98 | 11 | 19.30 | 2 | 5.56 | 10 | 10.87 | 6 | 10.52 | 4 | 11.43 | 11 | 13.41 | 8 | 15.38 | 3 | 10 |
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Idamokoro, M.; Pienaar, A.E.; Gerber, B.; van Gent, M.M. The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031762
Idamokoro M, Pienaar AE, Gerber B, van Gent MM. The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031762
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdamokoro, Mere, Anita E. Pienaar, Barry Gerber, and Maria M. van Gent. 2023. "The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031762