Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor of the Index of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total n = 630 | Male n = 389 | Female n = 241 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Y) | 63.55 ± 8.60 | 63.26 ± 9.06 | 64.02 ± 7.8 | 0.285 |
SBP (mmHg) | 143.71 ± 21.76 | 142.4 ± 22.04 | 145.81 ± 21.19 | 0.056 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.75 ± 10.83 | 78.58 ± 11.32 | 76.41 ± 9.87 | 0.034 |
HR (bpm) | 69.75 ± 10.67 | 69.65 ± 11.09 | 69.92 ± 9.96 | 0.758 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.05 ± 3.20 | 26.19 ± 3.03 | 25.82 ± 3.46 | 0.166 |
Cr (μmol/L) | 81.70 ± 27.81 | 91.31 ± 28.04 | 66.25 ± 19.17 | 0.000 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.99 ± 2.07 | 5.97 ± 2.23 | 6.03 ± 1.78 | 0.703 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.00 ± 1.29 | 2.01 ± 1.31 | 1.98 ± 1.27 | 0.755 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.90 ± 1.04 | 4.68 ± 1.01 | 5.26 ± 0.98 | 0.000 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.88 | 2.82 ± 0.85 | 3.11 ± 0.88 | 0.000 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 1.18 ± 0.32 | 1.43 ± 0.39 | 0.000 |
Aortic SBP (mmHg) | 129.66 ± 20.47 | 127.2 ± 20.39 | 133.53 ± 20.03 | 0.000 |
Aortic DBP (mmHg) | 78.77 ± 10.65 | 79.36 ± 11.04 | 77.84 ± 9.96 | 0.084 |
Aortic PP (mmHg) | 50.92 ± 15.80 | 47.93 ± 15.11 | 55.66 ± 15.75 | 0.000 |
AP (mmHg) | 13.74 ± 8.41 | 11.56 ± 7.5 | 17.2 ± 8.63 | 0.000 |
AIX (%) | 25.61 ± 10.42 | 22.71 ± 9.71 | 30.21 ± 9.85 | 0.000 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 13.17 ± 3.11 | 13.29 ± 3.16 | 12.99 ± 3.02 | 0.233 |
eGFR (ml/min) | 85.18 ± 21.49 | 83.29 ± 21.46 | 88.21 ± 21.22 | 0.005 |
cIMT (mm) | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.79 ± 0.19 | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.163 |
Smoker (n/%) | 225 (31.7%) | 221 (56.8%) | 4 (1.7%) | 0.000 |
ASCVD (%) | 22.64 ± 16.83 | 26.47 ± 16.31 | 16.47 ± 15.83 | 0.000 |
FRS (%) | 5.23 ± 5.56 | 3.93 ± 4.73 | 7.33 ± 6.15 | 0.000 |
DM (n/%) | 231 (36.7%) | 139 (35.7%) | 92 (38.2%) | 0.537 |
Statin treatment (n/%) | 195 (31.0%) | 124 (31.9%) | 71 (29.5%) | 0.524 |
target level of LDL-c (n/%) | 228 (36.2%) | 165 (42.4%) | 63 (26.1%) | 0.000 |
Hypertension duration (Y) | 19.89 ± 12.72 | 19.69 ± 12.76 | 20.20 ± 12.71 | 0.644 |
Hypertension grading | ||||
Grade 1 | 344 (54.6%) | 213 (54.8%) | 131 (54.4%) | 0.624 |
Grade 2 | 173 (27.5%) | 104 (26.7%) | 69 (28.6%) | |
Grade 3 | 113 (17.9%) | 72 (18.5%) | 41 (17.0%) | |
Target blood pressure | 290 (46%) | 190 (48.8%) | 100 (41.5%) | 0.072 |
Antihypertensive therapy | ||||
CCB | 446 (70.8%) | 271 (69.7%) | 175 (72.6%) | 0.429 |
ACEI | 116 (18.4%) | 87 (22.4%) | 29 (12.0%) | 0.001 |
ARB | 323 (51.3%) | 195 (50.1%) | 128 (53.1%) | 0.467 |
Beta blocker | 212 (33.7%) | 149 (38.3%) | 63 (26.1%) | 0.002 |
Diuretic | 113 (17.9%) | 63 (16.2%) | 50 (20.7%) | 0.148 |
(a) Pearson correlation coefficients among variables | ||||
ASCVD (%) | FRS(%) | |||
Pearson r | p | Pearson r | p | |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.550 ** | 0.000 | 0.327 ** | 0.000 |
AorticSBP (mmHg) | 0.402 ** | 0.000 | 0.351 ** | 0.000 |
AorticDBP (mmHg) | 0.103 * | 0.010 | 0.113 ** | 0.005 |
Aortic PP (mmHg) | 0.449 ** | 0.000 | 0.375 ** | 0.000 |
AIX (%) | −0.050 | 0.217 | 0.169 ** | 0.000 |
AP (mmHg) | 0.218 ** | 0.000 | 0.312 ** | 0.000 |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.098 * | 0.014 | 0.092 * | 0.021 |
PP (mmHg) | 0.526 ** | 0.000 | 0.365 ** | 0.000 |
eGFR (ml/min) | −0.289 ** | 0.000 | −0.164 ** | 0.000 |
cIMT (mm) | 0.269 ** | 0.000 | 0.149 ** | 0.000 |
(b) Pearson correlation coefficients between cfPWV correlate with variables | ||||
cf PWV (m/s) | ||||
p | r | |||
Age (Y) | 0.464 ** | 0.000 | ||
SBP (mmHg) | 0.501 ** | 0.000 | ||
TC (mmol/L) | −0.022 | 0.579 | ||
HDL (mmol/L) | −0.005 | 0.898 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.086 * | 0.031 |
B | SE | Beta | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −103.607 | 4.988 | −20.772 | 0.000 | |
Age (Y) | 1.397 | 0.051 | 0.716 | 27.350 | 0.000 |
smoking | 7.149 | 0.928 | 0.204 | 7.708 | 0.000 |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.239 | 0.035 | 0.154 | 6.793 | 0.000 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.930 | 0.136 | 0.173 | 6.828 | 0.000 |
gender | −7.114 | 0.915 | −0.206 | −7.776 | 0.000 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 1.165 | 0.174 | 0.143 | 6.703 | 0.000 |
TC (mmol/L) | 1.403 | 0.356 | 0.087 | 3.935 | 0.000 |
(a) Linear regression analysis of associations between ASCVD and cfPWV, adjusting for SBP and aortic SBP | |||||
B | SE | Beta | t | p | |
(Constant) | −104.405 | 3.763 | −27.743 | 0.000 | |
Age (Y) | 1.301 | 0.044 | 0.669 | 29.825 | 0.000 |
SBP (mmHg) | 0.246 | 0.017 | 0.319 | 14.389 | 0.000 |
gender | −8.727 | 0.825 | −0.255 | −10.581 | 0.000 |
Smoking | 6.996 | 0.837 | 0.201 | 8.359 | 0.000 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 1.066 | 0.156 | 0.132 | 6.821 | 0.000 |
TC (mmol/L) | 1.536 | 0.32 | 0.096 | 4.806 | 0.000 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.345 | 0.132 | 0.064 | 2.62 | 0.009 |
(b) Linear regression analysis of associations between FRS and cfPWV, adjusting for SBP and aortic SBP. | |||||
B | SE | Beta | t | p | |
(Constant) | −26.669 | 2.428 | −10.985 | 0.000 | |
Age (Y) | 0.243 | 0.026 | 0.374 | 9.530 | 0.000 |
gender | 4.441 | 0.470 | 0.388 | 9.441 | 0.000 |
SBP (mmHg) | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.195 | 5.161 | 0.000 |
smoking | 2.765 | 0.474 | 0.237 | 5.838 | 0.000 |
Statin therapy | −1.187 | 0.402 | −0.098 | −2.951 | 0.003 |
TC (mmol/L) | 0.453 | 0.184 | 0.085 | 2.467 | 0.014 |
eGFR (ml/min) | −0.020 | 0.009 | −0.076 | −2.235 | 0.026 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.146 | 0.074 | 0.081 | 1.976 | 0.049 |
B | SE | Beta | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Constant) | −81.339 | 3.485 | −23.340 | 0.000 | |
Age (Y) | 1.181 | 0.046 | 0.607 | 25.758 | 0.000 |
smoking | 6.777 | 0.858 | 0.194 | 7.903 | 0.000 |
PP (mmHg) | 0.289 | 0.022 | 0.304 | 12.921 | 0.000 |
gender | −9.431 | 0.853 | −0.275 | −11.055 | 0.000 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 1.120 | 0.159 | 0.139 | 7.024 | 0.000 |
TC (mmol/L) | 1.510 | 0.332 | 0.094 | 4.545 | 0.000 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.515 | 0.131 | 0.096 | 3.936 | 0.000 |
statin treatment | −1.529 | 0.722 | −0.042 | −2.118 | 0.035 |
B | SE | Wald | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Y) | 0.455 | 0.049 | 84.832 | 0.000 | 1.576 (1.430~1.736) |
smoking | 4.047 | 0.597 | 46.039 | 0.000 | 57.248 (17.784~184.29) |
gender | −2.777 | 0.449 | 38.317 | 0.000 | 0.062 (0.026~0.150) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.148 | 0.056 | 6.958 | 0.008 | 1.159 (1.039~1.294) |
FBG (mmol/L) | 0.669 | 0.157 | 18.141 | 0.000 | 1.953 (1.435~2.658) |
TC (mmol/L) | 0.298 | 0.174 | 2.915 | 0.088 | 1.347 (0.957~1.895) |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.111 | 0.022 | 26.102 | 0.000 | 1.117 (1.071~1.165) |
cfPWV (m/s) | 0.280 | 0.086 | 10.747 | 0.001 | 1.324 (1.119~1.565) |
Statin treatment | 0.196 | 0.379 | 0.266 | 0.606 | 1.216 (0.578~2.556) |
antihypertensive treatnt | 0.202 | 0.688 | 0.086 | 0.769 | 1.224 (0.318~4.712) |
(Constant) | −44.852 | 4.902 | 83.734 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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Chang, G.; Hu, Y.; Ge, Q.; Chu, S.; Avolio, A.; Zuo, J. Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor of the Index of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042832
Chang G, Hu Y, Ge Q, Chu S, Avolio A, Zuo J. Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor of the Index of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042832
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Guili, Yueliang Hu, Qian Ge, Shaoli Chu, Alberto Avolio, and Junli Zuo. 2023. "Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor of the Index of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042832