Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in the Overlying Water of Baiyang Lake, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Reagents and Materials
2.2. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Pretreatment and Instrumental Analysis for PAEs
2.4. Quality Control and Quality Assurance
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Risk Assessment
2.6.1. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.6.2. Ecological Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence and Composition Profiles of PAEs in the Baiyang Lake
Survey Region | Number and Range of ∑PAEs (μg·L−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Lake of Guang Zhou, China | ∑15PAEs: 1.69–4.72 | [33] |
Chaohu Lake, China | ∑6PAEs: 1.21–17.95 | [31] |
Lakes of Beijing, China | ∑15PAEs: 0.39–3.18 | [10] |
Songhua River, China | ∑6PAEs: 6.95–44.72 | [36] |
Kaveri River, India | ∑2PAEs: 0.31–1.64 | [35] |
Jiulong River, China | ∑6PAEs: 3.48–17.70 | [37] |
Taihu Lake, China | ∑6PAEs: 0.72–13.00 | [9] |
Asan Lake, Republic of Korea | ∑14PAEs: ND-2.29 | [12] |
Pearl River, China | ∑14PAEs: 0.01–6.72 | [26] |
Changjiang River Estuary, China | ∑16PAEs: 0.18–3.42 | [34] |
Tien Quang Lake, Vietnam | ∑10PAEs: 19.60–127.00 | [14] |
Rhône River, France | ∑7PAEs: 0.10–0.54 | [13] |
Hangzhou Bay, China | ∑10PAEs: 7.31–22.90 | [8] |
Bohai Sea, China | ∑16PAEs: 0.01–52.58 | [17] |
Baiyang Lake, China | ∑16PAEs: 1.21–3.39 | This study |
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Variation of PAEs
3.3. Sources Apportionment by Pearson Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Risk Assessment of PAEs in the Baiyang Lake
3.4.1. Human Health Risk Assessment
3.4.2. Ecological Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAEs | October (N = 28) | May (N = 27) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (ng·L−1) | CV (%) | Detection Rate (%) | Concentration (ng·L−1) | CV (%) | Detection Rate (%) | |||||
Min | Max | Average | Min | Max | Average | |||||
DMP | 79.91 | 90.61 | 85.29 | 3.31 | 100 | 67.74 | 247.6 | 113.8 | 35.96 | 100 |
DEP | 78.71 | 84.37 | 80.47 | 1.39 | 100 | 22.21 | 83.73 | 35.20 | 33.65 | 100 |
DIBP | 137.5 | 511.4 | 330.14 | 29.42 | 100 | 145.4 | 921.8 | 325.3 | 58.41 | 100 |
DBP | 226.4 | 536.2 | 354.7 | 21.38 | 100 | 42.63 | 1196 | 831.1 | 28.98 | 100 |
DEEP | ND | 72.62 | 69.91 | 1.22 | 67.86 | ND | 216.2 | 62.55 | 74.11 | 55.56 |
DHXP | ND | 61.63 | 58.82 | 1.57 | 42.86 | ND | 92.43 | 44.34 | 23.62 | 62.96 |
BBP | ND | 73.41 | 67.28 | 3.11 | 53.57 | ND | 173.4 | 67.84 | 51.19 | 66.67 |
DBEP | 95.09 | 641.4 | 226.9 | 74.59 | 100 | 44.95 | 851.7 | 374.8 | 63.32 | 100 |
DCHP | 94.07 | 648.09 | 234.2 | 71.83 | 100 | 83.77 | 199.7 | 125.9 | 22.98 | 100 |
DEHP | 45.41 | 599.6 | 189.1 | 70.33 | 100 | 31.89 | 180.0 | 85.98 | 28.43 | 100 |
DPhP | ND | 42.19 | 37.89 | 4.15 | 50 | ND | ND | NC | NC | 0 |
DNOP | ND | 53.65 | 51.38 | 2.13 | 60.71 | ND | 59.45 | 9.53 | 30.26 | 81.48 |
∑PAEs | 1215 | 3014 | 1840 | 26.26 | 1384 | 3399 | 2176 | 26.63 |
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Liu, C.; Fu, L.; Du, H.; Sun, Y.; Wu, Y.; Li, C.; Tong, J.; Liang, S. Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in the Overlying Water of Baiyang Lake, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042918
Liu C, Fu L, Du H, Sun Y, Wu Y, Li C, Tong J, Liang S. Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in the Overlying Water of Baiyang Lake, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042918
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chang, Liguo Fu, Hui Du, Yaxue Sun, Yihong Wu, Cheng Li, Jikun Tong, and Shuxuan Liang. 2023. "Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in the Overlying Water of Baiyang Lake, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042918