Spatial Differentiation of PM2.5 Concentration and Analysis of Atmospheric Health Patterns in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanZhou Urban Agglomeration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Data Sources and Preprocessing
2.2.1. Data Sources
2.2.2. Data Sources
- (1)
- Spatial and temporal distribution of PM2.5 concentration pretreatment based on regression analysis
- (i)
- 34 monitoring stations in Fujian Province were selected (Figure 2), and multiply scaled multi-scale buffer zones with different radii from 250 m to 16,000 m were established with these stations as the center of the circle, and the values of meteorology and elevation, rainfall, wind speed, population, and land use type ratio in the buffer zone were counted in GIS software and used as the independent variables;
- (ii)
- Using Spss software, a model with a fit higher than 0.90 was obtained by applying stepwise regression with the PM2.5 concentration values of each station as the dependent variable in 2020.
- (iii)
- The model was validated by p-value test, covariance test, normal distribution of residuals, and D-W test of relevant parameters, and compared and validated by GEODA software.
- (iv)
- Using this model as the basis for calculation, the annual PM2.5 concentration spatial distribution map at the raster scale for the whole area of Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou urban agglomeration was inverted (Figure 3).
- (v)
- On this basis, the mean values were aligned with the basic units of the townships and streets studied to eliminate the influence of the zonal area factor on the analysis results and to serve as the basis for the health pattern analysis.
- (2)
- Data composition and preprocessing of health risks and related factors
3. Research Method, Evaluation System, and Technical Route
3.1. Methodology of Atmospheric Health Pattern Zoning
3.2. The Atmospheric Health Evaluation System
- (1)
- Exposure–response level and classification
- (2)
- Regional vulnerability
- (3)
- Regional adaptability
- (4)
- Evaluation system weights
3.3. Technical Routes of the Study
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the Spatial Differentiation Pattern and Characteristics of Air Pollution
4.2. Spatial Differentiation and Characterization of the Atmospheric Health Evaluation System
4.3. Analysis of the Spatial Variation Pattern of Atmospheric Health Pattern and Its Causes
5. Conclusion and Discussion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Influence Factors | Unit | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population density | Person/km2 | 39,474 | 43,281 | 0 | 370,506 | 0.25 * |
Female population | Person/km2 | 19,052 | 20,534 | 0 | 160,746 | 0.26 * |
Population density under 14 | Person/km2 | 5835 | 5856 | 0 | 33,468 | 0.21 * |
Population density over 65 | Person/km2 | 2538 | 2264 | 0 | 11,448 | 0.27 * |
Number of residential neighborhoods | Piece | 1.56 | 5.73 | 0 | 58 | 0.16 * |
Medical Points | Piece | 146.4 | 351.2 | 0 | 3409 | 0.22 * |
Percentage of forest land | Percentage | 43.41 | 30.34 | 0 | 98.26 | −0.62 * |
GDP | Ten thousand yuan | 2604 | 2665 | 0 | 13,348 | 0.54 * |
Number of tourist spots | Piece | 4.03 | 13 | 0 | 148 | 0.07 * |
Number of scientific research and educational institutions | Piece | 4.03 | 13.25 | 0 | 148 | 0.20 * |
Cleanliness Class | Zone Breakdown | Annual Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3) |
---|---|---|
Class A clean area | A-1 | [0, 5) |
A-2 | [5, 10) | |
A-3 | [10, 15) | |
Class B clean area | B-1 | [15, 18.6) |
B-2 | [18.6, 21.5) | |
B-3 | [21.5, 35) | |
Pollution exceeds the standard area | C | ≥35 |
Guideline Layer | Weight | Indicator Layer | Unit | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure–response | 0.4000 | Annual PM2.5 concentration | μg/m3 | 0.2667 |
Population density | Person/km2 | 0.1333 | ||
Regional vulnerability | 0.2000 | Female population density | Person/km2 | 0.0327 |
Population density under 14 | Person/km2 | 0.0556 | ||
Population density over 65 | Person/km2 | 0.0790 | ||
Number of residential neighborhoods | Piece | 0.0327 | ||
Regional adaptability | 0.4000 | Medical points | Piece | 0.0737 |
Percentage of forest land | Percentage | 0.0358 | ||
GDP | Ten thousand yuan | 0.2060 | ||
Number of tourist spots | Piece | 0.0328 | ||
Number of scientific research and educational institutions | Piece | 0.0516 |
Group | N (pcs) | Mean (μg/m3) | SD (μg/m3) | Min (μg/m3) | Max (μg/m3) | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | 191 | 19.15 | 2.13 | 14.94 | 24.04 | −0.22 | 1.86 |
Xiamen | 51 | 19.74 | 0.93 | 17.12 | 21.35 | −1.12 | 4.311 |
Zhangzhou | 175 | 19.45 | 2.53 | 14.72 | 26.11 | 0.43 | 2.220 |
Total | 417 | 19.35 | 2.21 | 14.72 | 26.11 | 0.14 | 2.44 |
Group | Low Cleanliness (A-3) | Micro Pollution (B-1) | Slight Pollution (B-2) | Mild Pollution (B-3) | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xiamen | 0 | 5 | 46 | 0 | 51 |
Quanzhou | 1 | 75 | 93 | 22 | 191 |
Zhangzhou | 2 | 79 | 56 | 38 | 175 |
Total | 3 | 159 | 195 | 60 | 417 |
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Zeng, S.; Tian, J.; Song, Y.; Zeng, J.; Zhao, X. Spatial Differentiation of PM2.5 Concentration and Analysis of Atmospheric Health Patterns in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanZhou Urban Agglomeration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043340
Zeng S, Tian J, Song Y, Zeng J, Zhao X. Spatial Differentiation of PM2.5 Concentration and Analysis of Atmospheric Health Patterns in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanZhou Urban Agglomeration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043340
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Suiping, Jian Tian, Yuanzhen Song, Jian Zeng, and Xiya Zhao. 2023. "Spatial Differentiation of PM2.5 Concentration and Analysis of Atmospheric Health Patterns in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-QuanZhou Urban Agglomeration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043340