Exercise Promotion in Saudi Arabia: Understanding Personal, Environmental, and Social Determinants of Physical Activity Participation and Well-Being
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male (n = 640) | Female (n = 406) | Total (n = 1046) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | |||
18–34 years | 225 | 243 | 468 |
35–54 years | 349 | 148 | 497 |
55+ years | 66 | 15 | 81 |
Marital Status | |||
Single/divorced/widowed | 172 | 189 | 361 |
Married | 468 | 217 | 685 |
Educational Level | |||
Elementary/secondary/high school level | 175 | 123 | 298 |
University level | 442 | 273 | 715 |
Other (not specified) | 23 | 10 | 33 |
Employment status | |||
Not working | 162 | 275 | 437 |
Working part-time | 91 | 65 | 156 |
Working full-time | 387 | 66 | 453 |
Income level | |||
Less than USD 800 | 144 | 144 | 288 |
USD 800 to USD 3999 | 265 | 124 | 389 |
USD 4000+ | 128 | 52 | 180 |
Prefer not to say | 67 | 37 | 104 |
Don’t know | 36 | 49 | 85 |
Region | |||
East | 40 | 14 | 54 |
West | 254 | 178 | 432 |
Central | 182 | 98 | 280 |
Other (North/South) | 164 | 116 | 280 |
Exercise Milieu | Time Expenditure | Physical Exertion | Family Discouragement | Total Barriers | Weather Conditions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | ||||||
Total sample | 2.29 ± 0.64 | 2.25 ± 0.73 | 2.24 ± 0.74 | 2.28 ± 0.81 | 31.79 ± 8.46 | 2.52 ± 0.91 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 2.26 ± 0.66 | 2.27 ± 0.74 | 2.20 ± 0.74 b | 2.25 ± 0.81 | 31.48 ± 8.75 | 2.51 ± 0.91 |
Female | 2.33 ± 0.60 | 2.23 ± 0.72 | 2.31 ± 0.74 a | 2.34 ± 0.82 | 32.29 ± 7.98 | 2.54 ± 0.91 |
Age group | ||||||
18–34 | 2.39 ± 0.65 a | 2.33 ± 0.78 a | 2.37 ± 0.76 a | 2.37 ± 0.83 a | 33.19 ± 8.57 a | 2.62 ± 0.93 a |
35–54 | 2.22 ± 0.64 b | 2.20 ± 0.71 b | 2.16 ± 0.73 b | 2.23 ± 0.80 b | 30.84 ± 8.47 b | 2.45 ± 0.90 b |
55+ | 2.12 ± 0.50 b | 2.13 ± 0.56 | 2.07 ± 0.57 b | 2.10 ± 0.74 b | 29.52 ± 6.36 b | 2.41 ± 0.77 |
Gender and age group combinations | ||||||
18–34 years | ||||||
Male | 2.40 ± 0.69 | 2.42 ± 0.80 | 2.38 ± 0.78 | 2.41 ± 0.83 | 33.65 ± 8.97 | 2.68 ± 0.94 |
Female | 2.38 ± 0.61 | 2.25 ± 0.74 | 2.35 ± 0.74 | 2.34 ± 0.83 | 32.76 ± 8.17 | 2.56 ± 0.92 |
35–54 years | ||||||
Male | 2.21 ± 0.66 | 2.20 ± 0.73 | 2.12 ± 0.73 | 2.20 ± 0.81 | 30.57 ± 8.81 | 2.43 ± 0.90 |
Female | 2.25 ± 0.59 | 2.19 ± 0.67 | 2.26 ± 0.71 | 2.32 ± 0.79 | 31.48 ± 7.59 | 2.51 ± 0.90 |
55+ years | ||||||
Male | 2.06 ± 0.46 | 2.11 ± 0.52 | 2.08 ± 0.50 | 1.96 ± 0.58 b | 28.83 ± 5.63 | 2.33 ± 0.71 |
Female | 2.39 ± 0.57 | 2.24 ± 0.73 | 2.02 ± 0.85 | 2.73 ± 1.02 a | 32.53 ± 8.47 | 2.73 ± 0.96 |
Outdoors | Indoors | Alone | With Others | Part of Lifestyle | Organised Sport | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | ||||||
Total sample | 2.98 ± 0.76 | 2.71 ± 0.80 | 3.05 ± 0.73 | 2.60 ± 0.82 | 3.07 ± 0.70 | 2.75 ± 0.80 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 3.11 ± 0.69 a | 2.63 ± 0.80 b | 3.00 ± 0.72 b | 2.73 ± 0.80 a | 3.03 ± 0.73 b | 2.83 ± 0.77 a |
Female | 2.79 ± 0.81 b | 2.84 ± 0.80 a | 3.13 ± 0.72 a | 2.41 ± 0.82 b | 3.13 ± 0.66 a | 2.63 ± 0.83 b |
Age group | ||||||
18–34 years | 2.94 ± 0.80 | 2.86 ± 0.82 a | 3.16 ± 0.74 a | 2.62 ± 0.89 | 3.08 ± 0.73 | 2.81 ± 0.84 |
35–54 years | 3.03 ± 0.72 | 2.62 ± 0.77 b | 2.97 ± 0.72 b | 2.61 ± 0.77 | 3.06 ± 0.69 | 2.72 ± 0.78 |
55+ years | 2.97 ± 0.71 | 2.42 ± 0.71 b | 2.88 ± 0.58 b | 2.45 ± 0.66 | 3.06 ± 0.61 | 2.59 ± 0.71 |
Gender and age combinations | ||||||
18–34 years | ||||||
Male | 3.17 ± 0.69 a | 2.79 ± 0.84 | 3.09 ± 0.75 | 2.86 ± 0.90 a | 3.05 ± 0.78 | 2.99 ± 0.79 |
Female | 2.73 ± 0.83 b | 2.91 ± 0.80 | 3.23 ± 0.72 | 2.39 ± 0.83 b | 3.11 ± 0.68 | 2.65 ± 0.85 |
35–54 years | ||||||
Male | 3.10 ± 0.69 a | 2.58 ± 0.77 | 2.97 ± 0.73 | 2.70 ± 0.74 a | 3.02 ± 0.71 | 2.77 ± 0.77 |
Female | 2.86 ± 0.75 b | 2.73 ± 0.78 | 2.96 ± 0.69 | 2.40 ± 0.81 b | 3.15 ± 0.64 | 2.61 ± 0.80 |
55+ years | ||||||
Male | 2.94 ± 0.64 | 2.38 ± 0.69 | 2.85 ± 0.54 | 2.37 ± 0.60 | 3.04 ± 0.63 | 2.60 ± 0.63 |
Female | 3.08 ± 1.00 | 2.58 ± 0.79 | 3.00 ± 0.74 | 2.83 ± 0.84 | 3.17 ± 0.58 | 2.58 ± 1.00 |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Well-being | 16.33 | 5.57 | |||||||||||
2 | General health | 1.86 | 0.35 | 0.32 | ||||||||||
3 | Nature relatedness | 21.16 | 4.71 | 0.35 | 0.13 | |||||||||
4 | Physical activity # | 1377 | 2274 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.20 | ||||||||
5 | Exercise outdoors | 2.98 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.15 | |||||||
6 | Exercise indoors | 2.71 | 0.80 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.05 | −0.14 | ||||||
7 | Exercise alone | 3.05 | 0.73 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.35 | |||||
8 | Exercise with others | 2.60 | 0.82 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.15 | −0.18 | ||||
9 | Exercise as lifestyle | 3.07 | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.18 | |||
10 | Exercise via sports | 2.75 | 0.80 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.16 | ||
11 | Total barriers | 31.79 | 8.46 | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.18 | |
12 | Weather conditions | 2.52 | 0.91 | 0 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.61 |
Predictor Variable | Standardised Coefficient (β) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Physical activity | 0.17 | 0.001 |
Nature relatedness | 0.25 | <0.001 |
General health | 0.23 | <0.001 |
Exercise with others | 0.13 | 0.004 |
Exercise outdoors | 0.08 | 0.018 |
Exercise indoors | 0.04 | 0.090 |
Exercise via sports | 0.09 | 0.018 |
Exercise as lifestyle | 0.03 | 0.322 |
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Albujulaya, N.; Stevinson, C. Exercise Promotion in Saudi Arabia: Understanding Personal, Environmental, and Social Determinants of Physical Activity Participation and Well-Being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043554
Albujulaya N, Stevinson C. Exercise Promotion in Saudi Arabia: Understanding Personal, Environmental, and Social Determinants of Physical Activity Participation and Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043554
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbujulaya, Naif, and Clare Stevinson. 2023. "Exercise Promotion in Saudi Arabia: Understanding Personal, Environmental, and Social Determinants of Physical Activity Participation and Well-Being" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043554