The Effect of Spring Barley Fertilization on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Microbial Counts and Enzymatic Activity in Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Location and Experimental Design
2.2. Chemical Analyses of Soil
2.3. Microbiological and Biochemical Analyses of Soil
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Weather Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selected Chemical Parameters of Soil
3.1.1. Soil pH and Hydrolytic Acidity
3.1.2. Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content
3.2. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties of Soil
3.2.1. Microbial Abundance
Organotrophic Bacteria
Ammonifying Bacteria
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Actinobacteria
Fungi
3.2.2. Enzymatic Activity
Dehydrogenases
Catalase
Urease
Acid Phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase
3.3. Content of PAHs in Soil
3.3.1. Content of LMW PAHs in Soil
3.3.2. Content of HMW PAHs in Soil
3.3.3. Total Content of 16 PAHs
3.4. Principal Component Analysis: Correlations between Selected Soil Properties
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | N0P0K0 | N1P1K1 | N2P1K1 | N3P1K1 | N2P1K2 | N2P1K3 | N2P1K2Mg | N2P1K2MgCa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH (1 mol KCl dm−3) | ||||||||
Manure | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 6.3 |
Without manure | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.5 |
Hh (mmol(+) kg−1) | ||||||||
Manure | 17.7 | 16.7 | 25.6 | 26.9 | 25.9 | 24.2 | 25.0 | 13.2 |
Without manure | 25.3 | 26.3 | 31.6 | 34.0 | 29.6 | 29.2 | 27.3 | 14.0 |
Source of Variation | df | Organic Carbon | Total Nitrogen |
---|---|---|---|
Manure (M) | 1 | ** | * |
Block (B) | 2 | ns | ns |
Mineral fertilization (Min) | 7 | ** | ** |
M × Min | 7 | ** | ** |
Error 1 | 30 | - | - |
Date (D) | 3 | ** | ** |
D × M | 3 | ** | ** |
D × B | 6 | ns | ns |
D × Min | 21 | ** | ** |
D × M × Min | 21 | ** | ** |
Error 2 | 90 | - | - |
Source of Variation | df | PAHs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
LMW (9) | HMW (7) | Total (16) | ||
Manure (M) | 1 | ** | ** | ** |
Block (B) | 2 | ns | ns | ns |
Mineral fertilization (Min) | 7 | ** | ** | ** |
M × Min | 7 | ** | ** | ** |
Error 1 | 30 | - | - | - |
Date (D) | 3 | ** | ** | ** |
D × M | 3 | ** | ** | ** |
D × B | 6 | ns | ns | ns |
D × Min | 21 | ** | ** | ** |
D × M × Min | 21 | ** | ** | ** |
Error 2 | 90 | - | - | - |
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Mackiewicz-Walec, E.; Krzebietke, S.J.; Borowik, A.; Klasa, A. The Effect of Spring Barley Fertilization on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Microbial Counts and Enzymatic Activity in Soil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053796
Mackiewicz-Walec E, Krzebietke SJ, Borowik A, Klasa A. The Effect of Spring Barley Fertilization on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Microbial Counts and Enzymatic Activity in Soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053796
Chicago/Turabian StyleMackiewicz-Walec, Ewa, Sławomir Józef Krzebietke, Agata Borowik, and Andrzej Klasa. 2023. "The Effect of Spring Barley Fertilization on the Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Microbial Counts and Enzymatic Activity in Soil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053796