Activities Carried Out during the First COVID-19 Lockdown by Italian Citizens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Context
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
- -
- 48 “What/who helped you to overcome the challenges of lockdown?” The associated answer options were: family or friends; volunteers/neighbors; healthcare professionals; the municipality or local associations; leisure activities (i.e., reading, gardening, etc.); continuing to work; optimistic attitude; physical activity, drinking and/or smoking; taking care of pets; salary; drugs; other (open-ended option).
- -
- 46 “Have you used/are you using any of the support made available by the municipality, the nonprofit volunteer associations, and/or the Local Health Authority?” The associated answer options were: grocery delivery; home delivery of drugs; information hotline; mental health hotline; economic aid (i.e., food vouchers); area animal care facilities; activation of social services; other (open-ended option).
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- American Occupational Therapy Association. Occupational therapy practice framework. Domain and process. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2014, 68 (Suppl. S1), S1–S48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms of COVID-19. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Ammar, A.; Chtourou, H.; Boukhris, O.; Trabelsi, K.; Masmoudi, L.; Brach, M.; Bouaziz, B.; Bentlage, E.; How, D.; Ahmed, M.; et al. COVID-19 Home Confinement Negatively Impacts Social Participation and Life Satisfaction: A Worldwide Multicenter Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, L.; Yao, Q.; Gu, X.; Wang, Q.; Ren, L.; Wang, Y.; Hu, P.; Guo, L.; Liu, M.; Xu, J.; et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2021, 398, 747–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fugazzaro, S.; Denti, M.; Mainini, C.; Accogli, M.A.; Bedogni, G.; Ghizzoni, D.; Bertolini, A.; Esseroukh, O.; Gualdi, C.; Schiavi, M.; et al. Sex differences and rehabilitation needs after hospital discharge for COVID-19: An Italian cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022, 12, e055308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schiavi, M.; Fugazzaro, S.; Bertolini, A.; Denti, M.; Mainini, C.; Accogli, M.A.; Bedogni, G.; Ghizzoni, D.; Esseroukh, O.; Gualdi, C.; et al. “Like before, but not exactly”: The qualy-REACT qualitative inquiry into the lived experience of long COVID. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gazzetta Ufficiale Della Repubblica Italiana. Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri. Ulteriori Disposizioni Attuative del Decreto-Legge 23 Febbraio 2020, n. 6, Recante Misure Urgenti in Materia di Contenimento e Gestione Dell’emergenza Epidemiologica da COVID-19. [20_01522] [GU Serie Generale n. 59 del 08–03–2020]. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/04/27/20A02352/sg (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Costi, S.; Paltrinieri, S.; Bressi, B.; Fugazzaro, S.; Giorgi Rossi, P.; Mazzini, E. Poor Sleep during the First Peak of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faccioli, S.; Lombardi, F.; Bellini, P.; Costi, S.; Sassi, S.; Pesci, M.C. How Did Italian Adolescents with Disability and Parents Deal with the COVID-19 Emergency? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paltrinieri, S.; Bressi, B.; Costi, S.; Mazzini, E.; Cavuto, S.; Ottone, M.; De Panfilis, L.; Fugazzaro, S.; Rondini, E.; Rossi, P.G. Beyond Lockdown: The Potential Side Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Public Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizzero, A.; Cote, P.; Cramm, H. Occupational disruption: A scoping review. J. Occup. Sci. 2017, 24, 114–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whiteford, G. Occupational deprivation: Global challenge in the new millennium. Br. J. Occup. Ther. 2000, 63, 200–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fritz, H.; Jones, R.; Cutchin, M.P. Health management occupations during COVID-19: Experiences of older African Americans with multimorbidity. OTJR Occup. Particip. Health 2022, 43, 90–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huls, S.; Sajjad, A.; Kanters, T.A.; Hakkaart-van Roijen, L.; Brouwer, W.; van Exel, J. Productivity of working at home and time allocation between paid work, unpaid work and leisure activities during a pandemic. PharmacoEconomics 2022, 40, 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malkawi, S.H.; Alqatarneh, N.S.; Malkawi, A.H.; Amro, A.; Crowe, T.K. Occupational changes during the COVID-19 lockdown in Jordan. Scand J. Occup. Ther. 2022, 29, 430–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Law, M.; Cooper, B.; Strong, S.; Stewart, D.; Rigby, P.; Letts, L. The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Can. J. Occup. Ther. 1996, 63, 9–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dickie, V.; Cutchin, M.P.; Humphry, R. Occupation as transactional experience: A critique of individualism in occupational science. J. Occup. Sci. 2006, 13, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eklund, M.; Orban, K.; Argentzell, E.; Bejerholm, U.; Tjörnstrand, C.; Erlandsson, L.-K.; Håkansson, C. The linkage between patterns of daily occupations and occupational balance: Applications within occupational science and occupational therapy practice. Scand J. Occup. Ther. 2017, 24, 41–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fukumura, Y.E.; Schott, J.M.; Lucas, G.M.; Becerik-Gerber, B.; Roll, S.C. Negotiating time and space when working from home: Experiences during COVID-19. OTJR Occup. Particip. Health 2021, 41, 223–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. Engagement in Living during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Ensuing Occupational Disruption. CAOT-CE. Occup. Ther. Now 2020, 22.4, 7. Available online: https://caot.ca/uploaded/web/otnow/OT%20Now_JULY_20.pdf (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Brown, T. The response to COVID-19: Occupational resilience and the resilience of daily occupations in action. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 2021, 68, 103–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Presidency of the Council of Ministers. Civil Protection Department. (25 February 2022). Coronavirus. The Situation. Available online: https://mappe.protezionecivile.gov.it/en/emergencies-maps/coronavirus/coronavirus-situation-desktop (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- The Jamovi Project. Jamovi (Version 1.6) [Computer Software]. Available online: https://www.jamovi.org (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Popolazione della Provincia di Reggio Emilia all’1/1/2022. Available online: https://www.provincia.re.it/aree-tematiche/servizi-per-i-comuni/statistica/la-popolazione-reggiana/ (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Reggio Emilia Come va? Report Completo. Available online: https://www.comune.re.it/argomenti/citta-collaborativa/i-progetti/qua-il-quartiere-bene-comune/il-progetto-quartiere-bene-comune (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Giacalone, D.; Frøst, M.B.; Rodríguez-Pérez, C. Reported Changes in Dietary Habits During the COVID-19 Lockdown in the Danish Population: The Danish COVIDiet Study. Front. Nutr. 2020, 7, 592112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koziel Ly, N.K.; Mohamud, L.; Villeneuve, P.J.; Matheson, K.; Anisman, H.; Chee, M.J. Protective effects of physical activity on mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0279468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoyer, J.; Dechmann, J.; Stender, T.; Čolić, J. Selecting and imagining rewarding activities during the COVID-19 lockdown: Effects on mood and what moderates them. Int. J. Psychol. 2021, 56, 585–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cruyt, E.; De Vriendt, P.; De Letter, M.; Vlerick, P.; Calders, P.; De Pauw, R.; Oostra, K.; Rodriguez-Bailón, M.; Szmalec, A.; Merchán-Baeza, J.A.; et al. Correction to: Meaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Platts, K.; Breckon, J.; Marshall, E. Enforced home-working under lockdown and its impact on employee wellbeing: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministero della Salute. Gestire lo Stress ai Tempi di COVID-19. Available online: https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=4229 (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Maggi, F.; Rosellini, A.; Spezia, P.G.; Focosi, D.; Macera, L.; Lai, M.; Pistello, M.; de Iure, A.; Tomino, C.; Bonassi, S.; et al. Nicotine upregulates ACE2 expression and increases competence for SARS-CoV-2 in human pneumocytes. ERJ Open Res. 2021, 7, 713–2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Testino, G. Are Patients With Alcohol Use Disorders at Increased Risk for COVID-19 Infection? Alcohol. Alcohol. 2020, 55, 344–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghosh, A.; Girish, V.; Yuan, M.L.; Coakley, R.D.; Wrennall, J.A.; Alexis, N.E.; Sausville, E.L.; Vasudevan, A.; Chait, A.R.; Sheltzer, J.M.; et al. Combustible and Electronic Cigarette Exposures Increase ACE2 Activity and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2022, 205, 129–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tronco Hernández, Y.A.; Parente, F.; Faghy, M.A.; Roscoe, C.; Maratos, F.A. Influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on the physical and psychosocial well-being and work productivity of remote workers: Cross-sectional correlational study. JMIRx Med. 2021, 2, e30708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Preti, E.; Di Pierro, R.; Perego, G.; Bottini, M.; Casini, E.; Ierardi, E.; Madeddu, F.; Mazzetti, M.; Crugnola, C.R.; Taranto, P.; et al. Short-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of the first wave of an ecological daily study in the Italian population. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 305, 114206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sommerlad, A.; Marston, L.; Huntley, J.; Livingston, G.; Lewis, G.; Steptoe, A.; Fancourt, D. Social relationships and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown: Longitudinal analysis of the COVID-19 Social Study. Psychol Med. 2021, 52, 3381–3390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Håkansson, C.; Björkelund, C.; Eklund, M. Associations between women’s subjective perceptions of daily occupations and life satisfaction, and the role of perceived control. Aust Occup. Ther. J. 2011, 58, 397–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sewdas, R.; de Wind, A.; van der Zwaan, L.G.L.; van der Borg, W.E.; Steenbeek, R.; van der Beek, A.J.; Boot, C.R.L. Why older workers work beyond the retirement age: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Escudero-Castillo, I.; Mato-Díaz, F.J.; Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. Furloughs, teleworking and other work situations during the COVID-19 lockdown: Impact on mental well-being. Int. J. Environ Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sinclair, R.R.; Allen, T.; Barber, L.; Bergman, M.; Britt, T.; Butler, A.; Ford, M.; Hammer, L.; Kath, L.; Probst, T.; et al. Occupational health science in the time of COVID-19: Now more than ever. Occup. Health Sci. 2020, 4, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yerkes, M.A.; André, S.C.H.; Besamusca, J.W.; Kruyen, P.M.; Remery, C.L.H.S.; van der Zwan, R.; Beckers, D.G.J.; Geurts, S.A.E. ‘Intelligent’ lockdown, intelligent effects? results from a survey on gender (in)equality in paid work, the division of childcare and household work, and quality of life among parents in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0242249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tommasi, M.; Toro, F.; Arnò, S.; Carrieri, A.; Conte, M.M.; Devastato, M.D.; Picconi, L.; Sergi, M.R.; Saggino, A. Physical and psychological impact of the phase one lockdown for COVID-19 on Italians. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 563722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monitor Deloitte. Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Short-and Medium-Term Consumer Behavior. Will the COVID-19 Crisis Have a Lasting Effect on Consumption? Available online: https://www2.deloitte.com/de/de/pages/consumer-business/articles/consumer-behavior-study-covid-19.html (accessed on 7 February 2023).
- Wang, X.C.; Kim, W.; Holguín-Veras, J.; Schmid, J. Adoption of delivery services in light of the COVID pandemic: Who and how long? Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2021, 154, 270–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Gani, S.M.; Berger, F.; Guggiari, E.; Jaks, R. Relation of corona-specific health literacy to use of and trust in information sources during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moynihan, R.; Sanders, S.; Michaleff, Z.A.; Scott, A.M.; Clark, J.; To, E.J.; Jones, M.; Kitchener, E.; Fox, M.; Johansson, M.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: A systematic review. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e045343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pécout, C.; Pain, E.; Chekroun, M.; Champeix, C.; Kulak, C.; Prieto, R.; van Vugt, J.; Gilchrist, K.; Lainé-Pellet, A.-F. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients affected by non-communicable diseases in Europe and in the USA. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Antonazzo, I.C.; Fornari, C.; Maumus-Robert, S.; Cei, E.; Paoletti, O.; Conti, S.; Cortesi, P.A.; Mantovani, L.G.; Gini, R.; Mazzaglia, G. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown, during the two waves, on drug use and emergency department access in people with epilepsy: An interrupted time-series analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peña-Ramos, J.A.; Recuero-López, F.; Sánchez-Bayón, A.; Sastre, F.J. Evaluation of Spanish health system during the COVID-19 pandemic: Accountability and wellbeing results. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
New Leisure Activities | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | None | One or Two | From Three to Eight | Missing | One or Two | 95% Confidence Interval | From Three to Eight | 95% Confidence Interval | |||||||
N (%) | P | OR | Lower | Upper | P | OR | Lower | Upper | |||||||
1826 (100) | 167 (9.1) | 718 (39.3) | 856 (46.9) | 85 | |||||||||||
Sociodemographic data | Sex | female | 1397 (76.5) | 120 (8.6) | 524 (37.5) | 697 (49.9) | 56 | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | ||
male | 423 (23.2) | 46 (10.9) | 193 (45.6) | 159 (37.6) | 25 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.65 | 1.39 | 0.006 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.85 | ||
missing | 6 (0.3) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | / | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Age † | adults | 818 (44.8) | 68 (8.3) | 329 (40.2) | 390 (47.7) | 31 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
middle-aged | 802 (43.9) | 82 (10.2) | 308 (38.4) | 374 (46.6) | 38 | 0.10 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 1.06 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 1.02 | ||
elderly | 194 (10.6) | 16 (8.2) | 76 (39.2) | 90 (46.4) | 12 | 0.83 | 0.93 | 0.51 | 1.73 | 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.51 | 1.71 | ||
missing | 12 (0.7) | 1 (8.3) | 5 (41.7) | 2 (16.7) | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Education Level | low | 94 (5.1) | 9 (9.6) | 41 (43.6) | 42 (44.7) | 2 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
medium | 805 (44.1) | 59 (7.3) | 301 (37.4) | 406 (50.4) | 39 | 0.79 | 1.11 | 0.51 | 2.43 | 0.41 | 1.39 | 0.64 | 3.03 | ||
high | 889 (48.7) | 94 (10.6) | 367 (41.3) | 389 (43.8) | 39 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 0.37 | 1.74 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 1.67 | ||
missing | 38 (2.1) | 5 (13.2) | 9 (9) | 19 (50) | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Household | Household Composition | alone | 208 (11.4) | 23 (11.1) | 87 (41.8) | 89 (42.8) | 9 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
at least one person | 1618 (88.6) | 144 (8.9) | 631 (39) | 767 (47.4) | 76 | 0.66 | 1.12 | 0.68 | 1.84 | 0.29 | 1.31 | 0.80 | 2.16 | ||
Children | no | 700 (38.3) | 65 (9.3) | 289 (41.3) | 318 (45.4) | 28 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes, at least one under the age of 12 | 415 (22.7) | 38 (9.2) | 158 (38.1) | 206 (49.6) | 13 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.60 | 1.48 | 0.73 | 1.08 | 0.69 | 1.68 | ||
yes, all over age 12 | 652 (35.7) | 62 (9.5) | 255 (39.1) | 300 (46) | 35 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.62 | 1.65 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.59 | 1.54 | ||
missing | 59 (3.2) | 2 (3.4) | 16 (27.1) | 32 (54.2) | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Home Size | <50 m2 | 57 (3.1) | 6 (10.5) | 23 (40.4) | 26 (45.6) | 2 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
from 50 m2 to 100 m2 | 830 (45.5) | 67 (8.1) | 334 (40.2) | 386 (46.5) | 43 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.41 | 3.11 | 0.90 | 1.07 | 0.39 | 2.91 | ||
>100 m2 | 880 (48.2) | 89 (10.1) | 336 (38.2) | 420 (47.7) | 35 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.32 | 2.40 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.34 | 2.51 | ||
missing | 59 (3.2) | 5 (8.5) | 25 (42.4) | 24 (40.7) | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Area of Residence | center | 1396 (76.5) | 116 (8.3) | 569 (40.8) | 653 (46.8) | 58 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
plain | 211 (11.6) | 25 (11.8) | 76 (36) | 99 (46.9) | 11 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 1.03 | ||
foothills | 127 (7) | 15 (11.8) | 35 (27.6) | 71 (55.9) | 6 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.41 | 1.37 | ||
na | 71 (3.9) | 8 (11.3) | 31 (43.7) | 26 (36.6) | 6 | 0.72 | 0.86 | 0.38 | 1.93 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 1.49 | ||
missing | 21 (1.2) | 3 (14.3) | 7 (33.3) | 7 (33.3) | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Changes during lockdown | Changes in Employment | unchanged | 685 (37.5) | 87 (12.7) | 272 (39.7) | 298 (43.5) | 28 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
more remote work | 544 (29.8) | 41 (7.5) | 217 (39.9) | 262 (48.2) | 24 | 0.02 | 1.66 | 1.09 | 2.51 | 0.002 | 1.89 | 1.25 | 2.86 | ||
suspended | 103 (5.6) | 5 (4.9) | 30 (29.1) | 67 (65) | 1 | 0.22 | 1.87 | 0.69 | 5.09 | 0.009 | 3.61 | 1.38 | 9.49 | ||
na ‡ | 313 (17.1) | 25 (8) | 135 (43.1) | 130 (41.5) | 23 | 0.06 | 1.74 | 0.98 | 3.09 | 0.35 | 1.32 | 0.74 | 2.35 | ||
missing | 181 (9.9) | 9 (5) | 64 (35.4) | 99 (54.7) | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Changes In Lifestyle | unchanged | 972 (53.2) | 97 (10) | 404 (41.6) | 418 (43) | 53 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
improved | 97 (5.3) | 9 (9.3) | 26 (26.8) | 54 (55.7) | 8 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 1.44 | 0.53 | 1.27 | 0.60 | 2.69 | ||
worse | 641 (35.1) | 51 (8) | 247 (38.5) | 328 (51.2) | 15 | 0.47 | 1.15 | 0.79 | 1.67 | 0.05 | 1.46 | 1.01 | 2.12 | ||
missing | 116 (6.4) | 10 (8.6) | 41 (35.3) | 56 (48.3) | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Changes in Alcohol Consumption | unchanged | 1275 (69.8) | 131 (10.3) | 493 (38.7) | 597 (46.8) | 54 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
increased | 229 (12.5) | 12 (5.2) | 94 (41) | 117 (51.1) | 6 | 0.02 | 2.10 | 1.11 | 3.96 | 0.01 | 2.23 | 1.18 | 4.19 | ||
decreased | 231 (12.7) | 19 (8.2) | 91 (39.4) | 105 (45.5) | 16 | 0.49 | 1.21 | 0.70 | 2.09 | 0.43 | 1.24 | 0.72 | 2.13 | ||
missing | 91 (5) | 5 (5.5) | 40 (44) | 37 (40.7) | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Technology | Stable Internet Connection | no | 130 (7.1) | 11 (8.5) | 61 (46.9) | 51 (39.2) | 7 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
don’t know | 18 (1) | 1 (5.6) | 9 (50) | 8 (44.4) | 0 | 0.68 | 1.58 | 0.18 | 13.80 | 0.66 | 1.63 | 0.18 | 14.52 | ||
yes | 1634 (89.5) | 154 (9.4) | 628 (38.4) | 784 (48) | 68 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 1.47 | 0.78 | 1.10 | 0.56 | 2.17 | ||
missing | 44 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | 20 (45.5) | 13 (29.5) | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Electronic Devices | no | 30 (1.6) | 1 (3.3) | 11 (36.7) | 15 (50) | 3 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 1737 (95.1) | 164 (9.4) | 688 (39.6) | 813 (46.8) | 72 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 3.14 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 2.59 | ||
missing | 59 (3.2) | 2 (3.4) | 19 (32.2) | 28 (47.5) | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Digital Skills | bad | 51 (2.8) | 5 (9.8) | 25 (49) | 19 (37.3) | 2 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
sufficient | 540 (29.6) | 52 (9.6) | 218 (40.4) | 244 (45.2) | 26 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.31 | 2.45 | 0.62 | 1.31 | 0.45 | 3.77 | ||
good/excellent | 1181 (64.7) | 106 (8) | 463 (39.2) | 563 (47.7) | 49 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.32 | 2.54 | 0.40 | 1.57 | 0.55 | 4.53 | ||
missing | 54 (3.0) | 4 (7.4) | 12 (22.2) | 30 (55.6) | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Psychological distress | Nervousness | no | 1337 (73.2) | 118 (8.8) | 514 (38.4) | 641 (47.9) | 64 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
yes | 359 (19.7) | 39 (10.9) | 152 (42.3) | 157 (43.7) | 11 | 0.47 | 0.86 | 0.57 | 1.30 | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.99 | ||
missing | 130 (7.1) | 10 (7.7) | 52 (40) | 58 (44.6) | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Upset | no | 1284 (70.3) | 122 (9.5) | 496 (38.6) | 605 (47.1) | 61 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 372 (20.4) | 36 (9.7) | 160 (43) | 163 (43.8) | 13 | 0.69 | 1.09 | 0.72 | 1.65 | 0.42 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 1.28 | ||
missing | 170 (9.3) | 9 (5.3) | 62 (36.5) | 88 (51.8) | 11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Worry | no | 914 (50.1) | 85 (9.3) | 353 (38.6) | 429 (46.9) | 47 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 810 (44.4) | 74 (9.1) | 337 (41.6) | 369 (45.6) | 30 | 0.63 | 1.09 | 0.77 | 1.55 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 0.64 | 1.29 | ||
missing | 102 (5.6) | 8 (7.8) | 28 (27.5) | 58 (56.9) | 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Fear | no | 1404 (76.9) | 134 (9.5) | 550 (39.2) | 662 (47.2) | 58 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 303 (16.6) | 24 (7.9) | 121 (39.9) | 141 (46.5) | 17 | 0.44 | 1.21 | 0.75 | 1.97 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 0.65 | 1.70 | ||
missing | 119 (6.5) | 9 (7.6) | 47 (39.5) | 53 (44.5) | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Loneliness | no | 1439 (78.8) | 135 (9.4) | 569 (39.5) | 670 (46.6) | 65 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 249 (13.6) | 20 (8) | 103 (41.4) | 119 (47.8) | 7 | 0.55 | 1.17 | 0.70 | 1.97 | 0.73 | 1.10 | 0.66 | 1.83 | ||
missing | 138 (7.6) | 12 (8.7) | 46 (33.3) | 67 (48.6) | 13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Uncertainty | no | 778 (42.6) | 80 (10.3) | 308 (39.6) | 356 (45.8) | 34 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | |
yes | 996 (54.5) | 84 (8.4) | 390 (39.2) | 481 (48.3) | 41 | 0.35 | 1.18 | 0.83 | 1.67 | 0.31 | 1.19 | 0.85 | 1.68 | ||
missing | 52 (2.8) | 3 (5.8) | 20 (38.5) | 19 (36.5) | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Paltrinieri, S.; Bressi, B.; Mazzini, E.; Fugazzaro, S.; Rondini, E.; Giorgi Rossi, P.; Costi, S. Activities Carried Out during the First COVID-19 Lockdown by Italian Citizens. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053906
Paltrinieri S, Bressi B, Mazzini E, Fugazzaro S, Rondini E, Giorgi Rossi P, Costi S. Activities Carried Out during the First COVID-19 Lockdown by Italian Citizens. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053906
Chicago/Turabian StylePaltrinieri, Sara, Barbara Bressi, Elisa Mazzini, Stefania Fugazzaro, Ermanno Rondini, Paolo Giorgi Rossi, and Stefania Costi. 2023. "Activities Carried Out during the First COVID-19 Lockdown by Italian Citizens" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053906