Intensive Urbanization, Urban Meteorology and Air Pollutants: Effects on the Temperature of a City in a Basin Geography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Thermal Islands
1.2. Heat and Human Health
2. Theoretical Bases
2.1. Thermal Conduction
2.1.1. Physical and Mathematical Principles of the Heat Transfer Equation
2.1.2. Discretization of the Heat Transfer Equation
2.2. Kolmogorov Entropy
2.2.1. Temporal Variation in Volumetric Entropy
2.2.2. Kolmogorov Entropy and Loss Information
2.2.3. Flowchart
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Area Where the Measurements Were Made
3.2. The Data
4. Results
4.1. Discretization
4.2. Irreversible Processes
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameters Station | PM10 (µg/m3) | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | CO (ppm) | Temperature (°C) | HR (%) | WV (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EML | ||||||
λ | 0.491 | 0.603 | 0.514 | 0.440 | 0.613 | 0.777 |
Dc | 4.149 | 4.226 | 3.950 | 2.683 | 3.135 | 4.470 |
H | 0.967 | 0.973 | 0.959 | 0.989 | 0.991 | 0.976 |
SK (1/h) | 0.520 | 0.465 | 0.557 | 0.409 | 0.425 | 0.500 |
EMM | ||||||
λ | 0.302 | 0.585 | 0.630 | 0.460 | 0.713 | 0.892 |
Dc | 3.877 | 3.966 | 4.719 | 3.128 | 3.507 | 4.285 |
H | 0.972 | 0.977 | 0.981 | 0.991 | 0.990 | 0.980 |
SK (1/h) | 0.441 | 0.528 | 0.581 | 0.409 | 0.427 | 0.616 |
EMN | ||||||
λ | 0.576 | 0.467 | 0.323 | 0.501 | 0.679 | 0.734 |
Dc | 3.952 | 4.019 | 4.332 | 2.951 | 3.496 | 4.239 |
H | 0.972 | 0.974 | 0.953 | 0.989 | 0.991 | 0.968 |
SK (1/h) | 0.463 | 0.545 | 0.523 | 0.426 | 0.366 | 0.470 |
EMO | ||||||
λ | 0.467 | 0.289 | 0.229 | 0.453 | 0.689 | 0.855 |
Dc | 3.785 | 4.085 | 4.640 | 2.801 | 3.194 | 4.053 |
H | 0.965 | 0.955 | 0.937 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.968 |
SK (1/h) | 0.522 | 0.428 | 0.260 | 0.375 | 0.382 | 0.440 |
EMS | ||||||
λ | 0.421 | 0.542 | 0.439 | 0.489 | 0.725 | 0.880 |
Dc | 4.133 | 4.012 | 4.686 | 3.171 | 3.697 | 4.250 |
H | 0.969 | 0.973 | 0.953 | 0.990 | 0.992 | 0.957 |
SK (1/h) | 0.452 | 0.531 | 0.394 | 0.395 | 0.416 | 0.478 |
EMV | ||||||
λ | 0.561 | 0.295 | 0.296 | 0.495 | 0.746 | 0.836 |
Dc | 3.788 | 3.788 | 4.631 | 3.155 | 3.249 | 3.584 |
H | 0.967 | 0.970 | 0.952 | 0.989 | 0.989 | 0.956 |
SK (1/h) | 0.552 | 0.538 | 0.341 | 0.384 | 0.370 | 0.448 |
Parameters Station | PM10 (µg/m3) | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | CO (ppm) | Temperature (°C) | HR (%) | WV (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EML | ||||||
λ | 0.550 | 0.235 | 0.026 | 0.205 | 0.064 | 0.935 |
Dc | 3.451 | 1.364 | 0.580 | 2.290 | 2.029 | 3.697 |
H | 0.922 | 0.963 | 0.933 | 0.915 | 0.942 | 0.975 |
SK (1/h) | 0.295 | 0.596 | 0.686 | 0.355 | 0.414 | 0.515 |
EMM | ||||||
λ | 0.383 | 0.614 | 0.013 | 0.184 | 0.067 | 0.937 |
Dc | 2.530 | 1.215 | 1.254 | 2.102 | 2.203 | 3.729 |
H | 0.906 | 0.983 | 0.933 | 0.917 | 0.941 | 0.976 |
SK (1/h) | 0.514 | 0.400 | 0.492 | 0.377 | 0.309 | 0.519 |
EMN | ||||||
λ | 0.621 | 0.292 | 0.033 | 0.223 | 0.092 | 0.917 |
Dc | 2.948 | 1.276 | 2.277 | 2.280 | 2.095 | 3.735 |
H | 0.929 | 0.960 | 0.933 | 0.916 | 0.942 | 0.973 |
SK (1/h) | 0.242 | 0.825 | 0.412 | 0.366 | 0.308 | 0.471 |
EMO | ||||||
λ | 0.550 | 0.332 | 0.046 | 0.189 | 0.081 | 0.928 |
Dc | 2.659 | 1.284 | 2.334 | 1.611 | 2.010 | 2.755 |
H | 0.936 | 0.925 | 0.933 | 0.919 | 0.942 | 0.974 |
SK (1/h) | 0.819 | 0.424 | 0.387 | 0.184 | 0.330 | 0.479 |
EMS | ||||||
λ | 0.597 | 0.279 | 0.030 | 0.228 | 0.063 | 0.933 |
Dc | 3.535 | 1.396 | 3.302 | 2.300 | 2.306 | 3.004 |
H | 0.921 | 0.975 | 0.933 | 0.915 | 0.942 | 0.976 |
SK (1/h) | 0.898 | 0.422 | 0.382 | 0.357 | 0.404 | 0.489 |
EMV | ||||||
λ | 0.516 | 0.304 | 0.031 | 0.170 | 0.065 | 0.915 |
Dc | 1.148 | 1.419 | 2.149 | 1.577 | 1.947 | 2.355 |
H | 0.931 | 0.966 | 0.933 | 0.919 | 0.942 | 0.975 |
SK (1/h) | 0.267 | 0.463 | 0.490 | 0.171 | 0.428 | 0.395 |
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Station Name | Location | PM10 | PM2.5 | CO | T | RH | WV | OWNER |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.La Florida, EML, masl:784 [m] | 33°30′59.7″ S 70°35′17.4″ W | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
2.Las Condes, EMM, masl:709 [m] | 33°22′35.8″ S 70°31′23.6″ W | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
3.Santiago- Parque O’Higgins, EMN, masl: 570 [m] | 33°27′50.5″ S 70°39′38.5″ W | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
4.Pudahuel, EMO, masl:469 [m] | 33°27′06.2″ S 70°40′07.8″ W | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
5.Puente Alto, EMS, masl:698 [m] | 33°33′01.3″ S 70°34′51.4″ W | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
6.Quilicura, EMV, masl:485 [m] | 33°21′51.6″ S 70°44′53.9″ W | Oscillating Element Microbalance TEOM-Thermo 1400AB | Attenuation Beta-Met One 1020 | Gas Correlation Filter IR Photometry -Thermo 48i | VAISALA HMP35A | VAISALA HMP35A | Sensor-Met One 010C | SINCA |
Station | PA (EMS) | LF (EML) | PO (EMN) | P (EMO) | Q (EMV) | LC (EMM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2013 | 1.7177 | 1.2042 | 1.2844 | 1.6740 | 1.6314 | 1.2682 |
2017–2020 | 1.4159 | 0.8896 | 1.0166 | 1.3191 | 1.2586 | 1.2054 |
2010–2013: | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | PA (EMS) | LF (EML) | PO (EMN) | P (EMO) | Q (EMV) | LC (EMM) |
Average (°C/h) | 0.4192922 | 0.36230133 | 0.36009624 | 0.60208629 | 0.49100476 | 0.38847965 |
Addition (°C/h) | 11,933.8947 | 10,311.8205 | 10,249.0592 | 17,136.58 | 13,974.9774 | 11,056.9079 |
Average (K/h) | 273.6 | 273.5 | 273.5 | 273.8 | 273.6 | 273.54 |
Height (masl) | 485 | 784 | 520 | 469 | 698 | 709 |
2017–2020: | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | PA (EMS) | LF (EML) | PO (EMN) | P (EMO) | Q (EMV) | LC (EMM) |
Average (°C/h) | 0.92816795 | 0.61691359 | 0.65587701 | 0.95674275 | 0.94234843 | 0.79836877 |
Addition (°C/h) | 26,418.4443 | 17,559.2116 | 18,668.2274 | 27,231.7689 | 26,822.0633 | 22,723.9704 |
Average (K/h) | 274.1 | 273.80 | 273.81 | 274.1 | 274.1 | 274.0 |
Height (masl) | 485 | 784 | 520 | 469 | 698 | 709 |
(K/h) | (K/h) | + Average (°C) | + Average (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | Height (masl) | 2010–2013 | 2017–2020 | 2010–2013 | 2017–2020 |
EML | 784 | 273.50 | 273.80 | 15.40 + 0.36 = 15.8 | 16.12 + 0.93 = 17.1 |
EMM * | 709 | 273.54 | 274.00 | 15.86 + 0.40 = 16.3 | 15.57 + 0.62 = 16.2 |
EMV | 698 | 273.60 | 274.10 | 15.77 + 0.50 = 16.3 | 16.85 + 0.66 = 17.5 |
EMN | 520 | 273.50 | 273.81 | 15.34 + 0.36 = 15.7 | 16.17 + 0.96 = 17.1 |
EMS | 485 | 273.60 | 274.10 | 14.69 + 0.42 = 15.1 | 15.53 + 0.94 = 16.5 |
EMO | 469 | 273.80 | 274.10 | 16.77 + 0.60 = 17.4 | 16.80 + 0.80 = 17.6 |
h (masl) | (°C) | SKP (1/h) | SKMV (1/h) | (δQ/dt)P (K/h) | (δQ/dt)MV (K/h) | Δ(K/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
784 (EML) | 15.40 | 1.542 | 1.334 | 444.9441 | 384.9257 | 60.02 |
709 (EMM) | 15.86 | 1.550 | 1.452 | 447.9655 | 419.6425 | 28.00 |
698 (EMV) | 15.77 | 1.431 | 1.202 | 413.4445 | 347.2818 | 66.10 |
520 (EMN) | 15.34 | 1.531 | 1.262 | 441.6782 | 364.0744 | 78.00 |
485 (EMS) | 14.69 | 1.377 | 1.289 | 396.3557 | 371.0258 | 25.33 |
469 (EMO) | 16.77 | 1.210 | 1.197 | 350.8032 | 347.0342 | 3.80 |
15.64 | 415.8652 | 372.3307 | 43.54 |
h (masl) | (°C) | SKC (1/h) | SKM (1/h) | (δQ/dt)C (K/h) | (δQ/dt)M (K/h) | Δ(K/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
784 (EML) | 16.12 | 1.577 | 1.284 | 456.1788 | 371.4226 | 84.7561 |
709 (EMM) | 15.57 | 1.406 | 1.205 | 405.9403 | 347.9076 | 58.0327 |
698 (EMV) | 16.85 | 1.220 | 0.994 | 353.8000 | 288.2600 | 65.5400 |
520 (EMN) | 16.17 | 1.479 | 1.145 | 427.9043 | 331.2714 | 96.6329 |
485 (EMS) | 15.53 | 1.702 | 1.250 | 491.3333 | 360.8500 | 130.4833 |
469 (EMO) | 16.80 | 1.630 | 0.993 | 472.6185 | 287.9204 | 184.6982 |
16.20 | 434.6292 | 331.2720 | 103.3572 |
2010–2013 | 2017–2020 | |
---|---|---|
h (m) | Δ(Series 1) | Δ(Series 2) |
784 | 60.02 | 84.7561 |
709 | 28.00 | 58.0327 |
698 | 66.10 | 65.5400 |
520 | 78.00 | 96.6329 |
485 | 25.33 | 130.4833 |
469 | 3.80 | 184.6982 |
Series 1 | Series 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Station | h (m) | 2010–2013 | 2017–2020 |
EML | 784 | −11.42 | −6.694 |
EMM | 709 | −11.898 | −7.312 |
EMV | 698 | −10.724 | −6.647 |
EMN | 520 | −10.894 | −7.234 |
EMS | 485 | −11.611 | −7.076 |
EMO | 469 | −9.904 | −7.063 |
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Pacheco, P.; Mera, E.; Fuentes, V. Intensive Urbanization, Urban Meteorology and Air Pollutants: Effects on the Temperature of a City in a Basin Geography. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053941
Pacheco P, Mera E, Fuentes V. Intensive Urbanization, Urban Meteorology and Air Pollutants: Effects on the Temperature of a City in a Basin Geography. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053941
Chicago/Turabian StylePacheco, Patricio, Eduardo Mera, and Voltaire Fuentes. 2023. "Intensive Urbanization, Urban Meteorology and Air Pollutants: Effects on the Temperature of a City in a Basin Geography" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053941