Factors Related to Physical Activity among Older Adults Who Relocated to a New Community after the Kumamoto Earthquake: A Study from the Viewpoint of Social Capital
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Attributes
2.2.3. Social Capital
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Participants’ Physical Activity
4.2. Factors Associated with Physical Inactivity
4.3. Limitations and Significance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 1494 | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Sex | ||
Male | 613 | 41.0 |
Female | 881 | 59.0 |
Age | ||
Mean ± SD | 1494 | 75.12 ± 7.41 |
65–74 years | 807 | 54.0 |
75 years and over | 687 | 46.0 |
Cohabitant | ||
Yes | 899 | 60.2 |
No | 584 | 39.1 |
Temporary housing category | ||
Prefabricated Temporary housing | 73 | 4.9 |
Temporary housing in the private sector | 1255 | 84.0 |
Temporary housing in the public sector | 166 | 11.1 |
Current residence | ||
Owned house | 209 | 14.0 |
Houses for rent | 592 | 39.6 |
Public housing | 568 | 38.0 |
Public housing for disaster | 48 | 3.2 |
Hospitals and institutions | 36 | 2.4 |
Other | 33 | 2.2 |
Participation in community activities | ||
Yes | 300 | 20.1 |
Non-participation | 960 | 64.3 |
Non-information | 187 | 12.5 |
Social support (friends) | ||
Yes | 497 | 33.3 |
None | 955 | 63.9 |
Social support (neighbours) | ||
Yes | 83 | 5.6 |
None | 1369 | 91.6 |
Social support (district welfare commissioners) | ||
Yes | 34 | 2.3 |
None | 1418 | 94.9 |
N = 1494 | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Opportunities for physical activity | ||
Large increase | 43 | 2.9 |
Slight increase | 117 | 7.8 |
Unchanged (active) | 298 | 19.9 |
Unchanged (inactive) | 262 | 17.5 |
Slight decrease | 322 | 21.6 |
Large decrease | 403 | 27.0 |
Decreased walking speed | ||
Yes | 983 | 65.8 |
No | 450 | 30.1 |
Exercise habits | ||
Yes | 995 | 66.6 |
No | 432 | 28.9 |
N = 1494 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased Opportunities for Physical Activity after the Earthquake | Decreased Walking Speed | No Exercise Habits | |||||||||||||
Applicable n = 725 | Not Applicable n = 720 | p-Value | Applicable n = 983 | Not Applicable n = 450 | p-Value | Applicable n = 432 | Not Applicable n = 995 | p-Value | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Sex | 0.165 | 0.563 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Male | 284 | 39.2 | 308 | 42.8 | 397 | 40.4 | 189 | 42.0 | 228 | 52.8 | 358 | 36.0 | |||
Female | 441 | 60.8 | 412 | 57.2 | 586 | 59.6 | 261 | 58.0 | 204 | 47.2 | 637 | 64.0 | |||
Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
65–74 years | 328 | 45.2 | 456 | 63.3 | 465 | 47.3 | 320 | 71.1 | 208 | 48.1 | 572 | 57.5 | |||
Over 75 years | 397 | 54.8 | 264 | 36.7 | 518 | 52.7 | 130 | 28.9 | 224 | 51.9 | 423 | 42.5 | |||
Cohabitant | 0.746 | 0.642 | 0.860 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 439 | 61.1 | 433 | 60.2 | 590 | 60.3 | 264 | 58.9 | 254 | 59.5 | 596 | 60.0 | |||
No | 279 | 38.9 | 286 | 39.8 | 388 | 39.7 | 184 | 41.1 | 173 | 40.5 | 397 | 40.0 | |||
Temporary housing category | 0.047 | 0.164 | 0.320 | ||||||||||||
Prefabricated temporary housing | 45 | 6.2 | 27 | 3.8 | 44 | 4.5 | 21 | 4.7 | 20 | 4.6 | 46 | 4.6 | |||
Temporary housing in the private sector | 594 | 81.9 | 620 | 86.1 | 818 | 83.2 | 389 | 86.4 | 355 | 82.2 | 845 | 84.9 | |||
Temporary housing in the public sector | 86 | 11.9 | 73 | 10.1 | 121 | 12.3 | 40 | 8.9 | 57 | 13.2 | 104 | 10.5 | |||
Current residence | 0.128 | 0.158 | 0.042 | ||||||||||||
Owned house | 103 | 14.3 | 100 | 14.0 | 138 | 14.1 | 64 | 14.3 | 54 | 12.6 | 148 | 14.9 | |||
Houses for rent | 276 | 38.2 | 300 | 42.0 | 379 | 38.7 | 191 | 42.8 | 171 | 39.9 | 395 | 39.9 | |||
Public housing | 276 | 38.2 | 272 | 38.0 | 390 | 39.8 | 162 | 36.3 | 163 | 38.0 | 388 | 39.2 | |||
Public housing for disaster | 31 | 4.3 | 14 | 2.0 | 26 | 2.7 | 17 | 3.8 | 13 | 3.0 | 30 | 3.0 | |||
Hospitals and institutions | 20 | 2.8 | 14 | 2.0 | 21 | 2.1 | 8 | 1.8 | 16 | 3.7 | 13 | 1.3 | |||
Other | 16 | 2.2 | 15 | 2.1 | 25 | 2.6 | 4 | 0.9 | 12 | 2.8 | 17 | 1.7 | |||
Participation in community activities | 0.122 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 131 | 18.6 | 161 | 22.8 | 175 | 18.1 | 113 | 26.3 | 51 | 12.1 | 237 | 24.4 | |||
Non-participation | 476 | 67.5 | 458 | 65.0 | 646 | 66.9 | 282 | 65.6 | 305 | 72.1 | 621 | 64.0 | |||
Non-information | 98 | 13.9 | 86 | 12.2 | 145 | 15.0 | 35 | 8.1 | 67 | 15.8 | 113 | 11.6 | |||
Social support (friend) | 0.044 | 0.114 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
None | 480 | 68.0 | 445 | 62.9 | 647 | 67.0 | 271 | 62.6 | 314 | 74.8 | 600 | 61.6 | |||
Yes | 226 | 32.0 | 263 | 37.1 | 319 | 33.0 | 162 | 37.4 | 106 | 25.2 | 374 | 38.4 | |||
Social support (neighbours) | 0.365 | 0.065 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
None | 661 | 93.6 | 671 | 94.8 | 917 | 94.9 | 400 | 92.4 | 407 | 96.9 | 906 | 93.0 | |||
Yes | 45 | 6.4 | 37 | 5.2 | 49 | 5.1 | 33 | 7.6 | 13 | 3.1 | 68 | 7.0 | |||
Social support (district welfare commissioners) | 0.290 | 0.021 | 0.565 | ||||||||||||
None | 687 | 97.3 | 695 | 98.2 | 937 | 97.0 | 429 | 99.1 | 409 | 97.4 | 953 | 97.8 | |||
Yes | 19 | 2.7 | 13 | 1.8 | 29 | 3.0 | 4 | 0.9 | 11 | 2.6 | 21 | 2.2 |
N = 1494 | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased Opportunities for Physical Activity after the Earthquake | Decreased Walking Speed | No Exercise Habits | ||||||||||||||||
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | ||||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
Participation in community activities (ref: yes) | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-participation | 1.28 | 0.98–1.66 | 1.36 | 1.03–1.80 | 1.38 | 1.04–1.83 | 1.48 | 1.12–1.95 | 1.73 | 1.28–2.33 | 1.67 | 1.23–2.27 | 2.28 | 1.64–3.18 | 2.39 | 1.69–3.39 | 2.42 | 1.69–3.47 |
Non-information | 1.40 | 0.97–2.03 | 1.71 | 1.15–2.53 | 1.71 | 1.15–2.56 | 2.68 | 1.73–4.15 | 3.72 | 2.32–5.97 | 3.59 | 2.22–5.80 | 2.76 | 1.80–4.23 | 3.17 | 2.01–4.99 | 3.05 | 1.91–4.86 |
Sex (ref: female) | ||||||||||||||||||
Male | 0.91 | 0.73–1.13 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.13 | 1.05 | 0.82–1.34 | 1.06 | 0.82–1.36 | 2.19 | 1.72–2.79 | 2.14 | 1.67–2.74 | ||||||
Age (ref: 65–74 years) | ||||||||||||||||||
Over 75 years | 2.14 | 1.72–2.67 | 2.11 | 1.69–2.65 | 2.99 | 2.31–3.87 | 3.01 | 2.31–3.92 | 1.57 | 1.23–2.01 | 1.55 | 1.20–1.99 | ||||||
Cohabitant (ref: yes) | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 0.89 | 0.71–1.12 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.17 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.13 | 0.86 | 0.66–1.12 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.30 | 1.07 | 0.83–1.39 | ||||||
Temporary housing category (ref: public sector) | ||||||||||||||||||
Prefabricated | 1.4 | 0.75–2.64 | 1.36 | 0.71–2.57 | 0.93 | 0.45–1.91 | 0.92 | 0.44–1.90 | 0.75 | 0.37–1.52 | 0.81 | 0.40–1.66 | ||||||
Private sector | 0.88 | 0.60–1.27 | 0.90 | 0.62–1.31 | 0.73 | 0.47–1.13 | 0.76 | 0.49–1.19 | 0.74 | 0.50–1.11 | 0.79 | 0.53–1.19 | ||||||
Current residence (ref: hospitals and institutions) | ||||||||||||||||||
Owned house | 1.33 | 0.58–3.03 | 1.51 | 0.65–3.55 | 1.14 | 0.41–3.19 | 1.18 | 0.42–3.32 | 0.33 | 0.13–0.80 | 0.29 | 0.12–0.73 | ||||||
Houses for rent | 1.10 | 0.50–2.41 | 1.26 | 0.56–2.83 | 0.90 | 0.33–2.41 | 0.91 | 0.34–2.47 | 0.37 | 0.16–0.86 | 0.32 | 0.14–0.77 | ||||||
Public housing | 1.18 | 0.54–2.58 | 1.34 | 0.59–3.02 | 1.19 | 0.44–3.20 | 1.26 | 0.46–3.41 | 0.39 | 0.17–0.92 | 0.34 | 0.14–0.82 | ||||||
Public housing for disaster | 2.28 | 0.81–6.43 | 2.66 | 0.92–7.69 | 0.65 | 0.20–2.15 | 0.67 | 0.20–2.23 | 0.39 | 0.13–1.18 | 0.33 | 0.11–1.02 | ||||||
Other | 1.13 | 0.39–3.28 | 1.31 | 0.44–3.88 | 2.46 | 0.58–10.52 | 2.52 | 0.59–10.8 | 0.59 | 0.19–1.83 | 0.52 | 0.17–1.62 | ||||||
Social support/friend (ref: yes) | ||||||||||||||||||
None | 1.16 | 0.91–1.48 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.25 | 1.44 | 1.09–1.91 | ||||||||||||
Social support/neighbours (ref: yes) | ||||||||||||||||||
None | 0.75 | 0.46–1.22 | 1.59 | 0.95–2.65 | 1.56 | 0.82–2.98 | ||||||||||||
Social support/district welfare commissioners (ref: yes) | ||||||||||||||||||
None | 0.76 | 0.35–1.66 | 0.34 | 0.12–1.02 | 0.61 | 0.27–1.38 | ||||||||||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.004 | 0.060 | 0.063 | 0.021 | 0.111 | 0.118 | 0.031 | 0.093 | 0.110 |
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Kanamori, Y.; Ide-Okochi, A.; Samiso, T. Factors Related to Physical Activity among Older Adults Who Relocated to a New Community after the Kumamoto Earthquake: A Study from the Viewpoint of Social Capital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053995
Kanamori Y, Ide-Okochi A, Samiso T. Factors Related to Physical Activity among Older Adults Who Relocated to a New Community after the Kumamoto Earthquake: A Study from the Viewpoint of Social Capital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053995
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanamori, Yumie, Ayako Ide-Okochi, and Tomonori Samiso. 2023. "Factors Related to Physical Activity among Older Adults Who Relocated to a New Community after the Kumamoto Earthquake: A Study from the Viewpoint of Social Capital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053995