Performance-Based Pay System and Job Stress Related to Depression/Anxiety in Korea: Analysis of Korea Working Condition Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Depression/Anxiety Symptoms
2.2.2. Performance-Based Pay System
2.2.3. Perceived Job Stress
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male (N = 13,362) | Female (N = 14,431) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance-Based Pay System | p (χ2) | Performance-Based Pay System | p (χ2) | |||
Adopted | Not Adopted | Adopted | Not Adopted | |||
Total | 775 (5.8%) | 12,587 (94.2%) | 1232 (8.5%) | 13,199 (91.5%) | ||
Reporting symptoms of depression/anxiety | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
No | 723 (93.3%) | 12,157 (96.6%) | 1157 (93.9%) | 12,730 (96.4%) | ||
Yes | 52 (6.7%) | 430 (3.4%) | 75 (6.1%) | 469 (3.6%) | ||
Age (years) | 0.102 | <0.001 | ||||
15–29 | 105 (13.5%) | 1773 (14.1%) | 77 (6.2%) | 1894 (14.3%) | ||
30–39 | 188 (24.3%) | 3250 (25.8%) | 177 (14.4%) | 2770 (21.0%) | ||
40–49 | 183 (23.6%) | 3132 (24.9%) | 373 (30.3%) | 3473 (26.3%) | ||
50–59 | 191 (24.6%) | 2578 (20.5%) | 458 (37.2%) | 3125 (23.7%) | ||
≥60 | 108 (14.0%) | 1854 (14.7%) | 147 (11.9%) | 1937 (14.7%) | ||
Education level | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||
≤Middle | 401 (51.7%) | 7278 (57.8%) | 560 (45.5%) | 6466 (49.0%) | ||
High | 290 (37.4%) | 4075 (32.4%) | 563 (45.7%) | 4750 (36.0%) | ||
≥College | 84 (10.8%) | 1234 (9.8%) | 109 (8.8%) | 1983 (15.0%) | ||
Working hours | <0.001 | 0.030 | ||||
≤40 | 342 (44.1%) | 6768 (53.8%) | 825 (67.0%) | 8338 (63.2%) | ||
41–52 | 237 (30.6%) | 3621 (28.8%) | 290 (23.5%) | 3456 (26.2%) | ||
>52 | 196 (25.3%) | 2198 (17.4%) | 117 (9.5%) | 1405 (10.6%) | ||
Monthly income | 0.066 | <0.001 | ||||
<180 | 105 (13.5%) | 2090 (16.6%) | 388 (31.5%) | 6362 (48.2%) | ||
180–299 | 284 (36.6%) | 4311 (34.2%) | 535 (43.4%) | 5180 (39.2%) | ||
≥300 | 386 (49.9%) | 6186 (49.2%) | 309 (25.1%) | 1657 (12.6%) | ||
Occupational classification | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Office worker | 105 (13.5%) | 2089 (16.6%) | 234 (19.0%) | 2848 (21.6%) | ||
Service worker | 342 (44.1%) | 4678 (37.2%) | 835 (67.8%) | 7391 (56.0%) | ||
Manual worker | 328 (42.3%) | 5820 (46.2%) | 163 (13.2%) | 2960 (22.4%) | ||
Employment type | <0.001 | 0.195 | ||||
Regular | 581 (75.0%) | 10,372 (82.4%) | 882 (71.6%) | 9681 (73.3%) | ||
Temporary/daily | 194 (25.0%) | 2215 (17.6%) | 350 (28.4%) | 3518 (26.7%) | ||
Emotion suppression | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Always | 398 (51.4%) | 4709 (37.4%) | 646 (52.4%) | 5538 (42.0%) | ||
Sometimes | 277 (35.7%) | 5029 (40.0%) | 410 (33.3%) | 4931 (37.4%) | ||
Rarely | 100 (12.9%) | 2849 (22.6%) | 176 (14.3%) | 2730 (20.6%) | ||
Job stress | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Always | 325 (41.9%) | 3800 (30.2%) | 455 (36.9%) | 3652 (27.7%) | ||
Sometimes/Rarely | 450 (58.1%) | 8787 (69.8%) | 777 (63.1%) | 9547 (62.3%) |
Male (N = 13,362) | Female (N = 14,431) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reporting Symptoms of Depression/Anxiety | p (χ2) | Reporting Symptoms of Depression/Anxiety | p (χ2) | |||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||
Total | 482 (3.6%) | 12,880 (96.4%) | 544 (3.8%) | 13,887 (96.2%) | ||
Age (years) | 0.002 | 0.002 | ||||
15–29 | 47 (2.5%) | 1831 (97.5%) | 64 (3.3%) | 1971 (96.7%) | ||
30–39 | 99 (2.9%) | 3339 (97.1%) | 85 (2.9%) | 2862 (97.1%) | ||
40–49 | 138 (4.2%) | 3177 (95.8%) | 139 (3.6%) | 3707 (96.4%) | ||
50–59 | 122 (4.4%) | 2647 (95.6%) | 158 (4.4%) | 3425 (95.6%) | ||
≥60 | 76 (3.9%) | 1886 (96.1%) | 98 (4.7%) | 1986 (95.3%) | ||
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
≤Middle | 69 (5.2%) | 1249 (94.8%) | 103 (4.9%) | 1989 (95.2%) | ||
High | 148 (3.4%) | 4217 (96.6%) | 218 (4.1%) | 5095 (95.9%) | ||
≥College | 265 (3.5%) | 7414 (96.5%) | 223 (3.2%) | 6803 (96.8%) | ||
Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 12(100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (100.0%) | ||
Working hours | 0.027 | 0.027 | ||||
≤40 | 192 (2.7%) | 6918 (97.3%) | 358 (3.9%) | 8805 (96.1%) | ||
41–52 | 187 (4.9%) | 3671 (95.1%) | 117 (3.1%) | 3629 (96.9%) | ||
>52 | 103 (4.3%) | 2291 (95.7%) | 69 (4.5%) | 1527 (95.5%) | ||
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Monthly income | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
<180 | 90 (4.1%) | 2195 (95.9%) | 290 (4.3%) | 1887 (95.7%) | ||
180–299 | 151 (3.3%) | 4444 (96.7%) | 175 (3.1%) | 5540 (96.9%) | ||
≥300 | 241 (3.7%) | 6331 (96.3%) | 79 (4.0%) | 6460 (96.0%) | ||
Missing | 34 (3.5%) | 942 (96.5%) | 46 (4.8%) | 919 (95.2%) | ||
Occupational classification | 0.230 | 0.230 | ||||
Office worker | 82 (3.7%) | 2112 (96.3%) | 101 (3.3%) | 2981 (96.6%) | ||
Service worker | 169 (3.4%) | 4851 (96.6%) | 316 (3.8%) | 7910 (96.2%) | ||
Manual worker | 231 (3.8%) | 5917 (96.2%) | 127 (4.1%) | 2996 (95.9%) | ||
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Employment type | 0.211 | 0.211 | ||||
Regular | 367 (3.4%) | 10,586 (96.7%) | 385 (3.6%) | 10,178 (96.4%) | ||
Temporary/daily | 115 (4.8%) | 2294 (95.2%) | 159 (4.1%) | 3709 (95.9%) | ||
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Emotion suppression | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Always | 251 (4.9%) | 4856 (95.1%) | 290 (4.7%) | 5894 (95.3%) | ||
Sometimes | 159 (3.0%) | 5147 (97.0%) | 188 (3.5%) | 5153 (96.5%) | ||
Rarely | 72 (2.4%) | 2877 (97.6%) | 66 (2.3%) | 2840 (97.6%) | ||
Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (100.0%) | ||
Performance-based pay system | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Adopted | 52 (6.7%) | 723 (93.3%) | 75 (6.1%) | 1157 (93.9%) | ||
Not adopted | 430 (3.4%) | 12,157 (96.6%) | 469 (3.6%) | 12,730 (96.4%) | ||
Missing | 1 (8.3%) | 11 (91.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (100.0%) | ||
Job stress | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Always | 248 (6.0%) | 3877 (94.0%) | 243 (5.9%) | 3864 (94.1%) | ||
Sometimes/Rarely | 234 (2.5%) | 9003 (97.5%) | 301 (2.9%) | 10,023 (97.1%) | ||
Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (100.0%) |
Male (N = 13,362) | Female (N = 14,431) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model A | Model B | Model C | |
Performance-based pay system | ||||||
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
2.01 (1.47–2.68) | 1.90 (1.39–2.54) | 1.64 (1.20–2.20) | 1.73 (1.33–2.22) | 1.74 (1.33–2.24) | 1.59 (1.22–2.06) | |
Age (years) | ||||||
15–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
30–39 | 1.15 (0.81–1.65) | 1.29 (0.89–1.88) | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) |
40–49 | 1.68 (1.21–2.38) | 1.93 (1.35–2.80) | 1.98 (1.38–2.88) | 1.05 (0.78–1.43) | 1.05 (0.78–1.44) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) |
50–59 | 1.71 (1.22–2.43) | 1.96 (1.36–2.87) | 2.05 (1.42–3.00) | 1.17 (0.86–1.61) | 1.16 (0.85–1.60) | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) |
≥60 | 1.27 (0.84–1.92) | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | 1.34 (0.88–2.06) | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) | 1.11 (0.74–1.68) | 1.22 (0.81–1.85) |
Education level | ||||||
≥College | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
High | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | 0.66 (0.47–0.93) | 0.64 (0.46–0.91) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) | 0.79 (0.58–1.10) |
≤Middle | 0.65 (0.47–0.92) | 0.79 (0.53–1.16) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) |
Working hours | ||||||
≤40 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
41–52 | 1.99 (1.61–2.45) | 1.95 (1.58–2.41) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | ||
>52 | 1.76 (1.36–2.26) | 1.64 (1.27–2.11) | 1.19 (0.90–1.55) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | ||
Monthly income | ||||||
≥300 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
180–299 | 0.94 (0.74–1.17) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | ||
<180 | 1.22 (1.36–2.26) | 1.33 (0.95–1.83) | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | ||
Occupational classification | ||||||
Office worker | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
Service worker | 0.87 (0.67–1.15) | 0.87 (0.67–1.16) | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 1.01 (0.79–1.31) | ||
Manual worker | 0.79 (0.59–1.08) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | 0.93 (0.67–1.31) | ||
Employment type | ||||||
Regular | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
Temporary/daily | 1.50 (1.16–1.94) | 1.58 (1.22–2.04) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | ||
Emotion suppression | ||||||
Rarely | Reference | Reference | ||||
Sometimes | 1.11 (0.84–1.48) | 1.51 (1.14–2.03) | ||||
Always | 1.50 (1.14–2.00) | 1.74 (1.32–2.34) | ||||
Job stress | ||||||
Sometimes/Rarely | Reference | Reference | ||||
Always | 2.23 (1.83–2.71) | 1.95 (1.62–2.35) |
Job Stress | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Performance-Based Pay System | Performance-Based Pay System | |||
Not Adopted | Adopted | Not Adopted | Adopted | |
Sometimes/ Rarely | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.09 (0.37–3.20) | 1.00 (Referent) | 0.69 (0.29–1.65) |
Always | 2.18 (1.77–2.67) | 3.05 (1.70–5.45) | 1.82 (1.49–2.22) | 2.15 (1.32–3.50) |
RERI | 0.79 (−0.39–2.37) | 0.64 (0.20–1.48) | ||
AP | 0.26 (0.05–0.41) | 0.30 (0.12–0.45) | ||
SI | 1.62 (1.11–2.36) | 2.28 (1.06–4.93) |
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Lim, M.-H.; Yoon, J.-H.; Lee, W.-T.; Kim, M.-S.; Baek, S.-U.; Won, J.-U. Performance-Based Pay System and Job Stress Related to Depression/Anxiety in Korea: Analysis of Korea Working Condition Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054065
Lim M-H, Yoon J-H, Lee W-T, Kim M-S, Baek S-U, Won J-U. Performance-Based Pay System and Job Stress Related to Depression/Anxiety in Korea: Analysis of Korea Working Condition Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054065
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Myeong-Hun, Jin-Ha Yoon, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Seong-Uk Baek, and Jong-Uk Won. 2023. "Performance-Based Pay System and Job Stress Related to Depression/Anxiety in Korea: Analysis of Korea Working Condition Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054065