Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urbanization Quality in Zhejiang Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Methods
- (1)
- Dimensionless processing
- (2)
- Entropy method
2.3. Index System
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Urbanization Quality and Time Series Development
3.2. Spatial Difference of Urbanization Quality
3.3. Analysis of the Correlation between Urbanization Quality and Evaluation Indicators
3.3.1. Gray Correlation Calculation Method
3.3.2. Gray Relational Degree Result Analysis
3.3.3. Suggestions
- (1)
- Investment in innovation should be increased, employment support for urban industries should be strengthened, and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas should be promoted. In the process of economic development, Zhejiang Province should pay attention to the optimization and upgrading of industrial infrastructure, increase investment in innovative research and development, properly maintain the development of the secondary industry, and focus on increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry. For example, Wenzhou has been at a low level of urbanization quality during the study period. The fundamental reason for this is that Wenzhou is a city that was developed by relying on the private economy and township enterprises. The urban–rural dual structure has not been completely changed and the transformation of industrial structure has lagged, thus lowering the urbanization quality level.
- (2)
- Geographical advantages should be taken advantage of, urban public service capacity should be improved, and high-quality smart cities should play a leading role. Areas with high urbanization quality, such as Hangzhou and Ningbo, should continue to give full play to their advantages, take advantage of the superior geographical location to actively connect the construction of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and the national strategic development, improve the comprehensive carrying capacity and service capacity of the city and give full play to its radiating and driving role in the surrounding areas, promote coordinated development with the surrounding areas, build a metropolitan area, pay attention to the coordinated development between the economy and the ecological environment, improve the quality of public services, and build a leading area for China’s economic transformation, upgrading, reform, and innovation.
- (3)
- Attention should be paid to the inland mountainous areas, the coordinated development of the whole region should be promoted, and the mountain and sea cooperation project should be strengthened. The southwest area of Zhejiang Province has always been an underdeveloped region in the province, with poor geographical conditions and a weak urbanization foundation, resulting in a low level of urbanization. The Zhejiang Provincial Government has promoted the “Mountain and Sea Cooperation Project” for more than 20 years, and its policy effect is obvious. This is reflected in the prominent growth of the urbanization quality in Quzhou and Lishui, which are included in the project and have entered the rising channel. However, there are also policy marginal areas similar to Jinhua, and the urbanization development momentum is insufficient. It is necessary to pay attention to this over time, adjust the policy coverage of the mountain and sea cooperation project, and effectively promote coordinated development in the region.
- (4)
- Environmental governance should be continued, green and low-carbon development should be encouraged, and people’s quality of life should be improved. The direction of new urbanization toward sustainable development, that is resource-saving, environmentally friendly, economically efficient, and socially harmonious and that constantly improves the quality of people’s lives, is increasingly clear. The impact of the ecological environment on the quality of urbanization is being increasingly weighed. Zhejiang Province should unswervingly integrate the concept of ecological civilization into the process of urbanization, adhere to the path of intensive, efficient, green, and low-carbon sustainable development, and pay attention to the effectiveness of comprehensive environmental governance. Regions with a good ecological environment should maintain the advantages of the ecological environment, effectively improve the ecological function, actively and steadily improve their economic development level, and promote coordinated development within the region, passing on the principle of not damaging the ecological environment.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First-Level Index | Second-Level Index | Unit | Index Type | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic development quality | Per capita gross domestic product (x1) | RMB | Positive | 0.060754 |
Per capita local fiscal revenue (x2) | RMB | Positive | 0.091792 | |
Proportion of tertiary industry output value (x3) | % | Positive | 0.066676 | |
Proportion of R and D expenditure in gross domestic product (x4) | % | Positive | 0.041799 | |
Number of patents authorized per 10,000 people (x5) | Piece | Positive | 0.072680 | |
Ecological environment quality | Per capita park green area (x6) | m2 | Positive | 0.018217 |
Reduction rate of energy consumption per unit gross domestic product (x7) | Ton standard coal/104 RMB | Positive | 0.003321 | |
Greening coverage rate of built-up area (x8) | % | Positive | 0.010525 | |
Proportion of days with good air quality (x9) | % | Positive | 0.033225 | |
Average annual concentration of fine particles (PM10) (x10) | % | Negative | 0.003679 | |
Quality of urban and rural overall planning | Proportion of the urban population to the total population (x11) | % | Positive | 0.035892 |
Per capita disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents (x12) | % | Negative | 0.015361 | |
Per capita consumption expenditure ratio of urban and rural residents (x13) | % | Negative | 0.014341 | |
Per capita disposable income growth rate of urban residents (x14) | % | Positive | 0.045245 | |
Engel coefficient ratio of urban and rural residents (x15) | % | Positive | 0.058120 | |
Average wage of on-the-job employees in urban units above the designated size (x16) | RMB | Positive | 0.061287 | |
Public service quality | Number of students in ordinary primary and secondary schools per 10,000 people (x17) | Per 104 person | Positive | 0.042722 |
Number of health technicians per 10,000 people (x18) | Per 104 person | Positive | 0.055554 | |
Number of beds in health institutions per 10,000 people (x19) | Per 104 person | Positive | 0.051835 | |
Book collection in public library per 10,000 people (x20) | Per 104 person | Positive | 0.090099 | |
Number of public transport options per 10,000 people (x21) | Per 104 person | Positive | 0.067877 | |
Urban road area per capita (x22) | m2 | Positive | 0.059000 |
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou | 0.602 | 0.656 | 0.674 | 0.666 | 0.725 | 0.653 | 0.698 | 0.729 | 0.749 | 0.731 |
Ningbo | 0.489 | 0.551 | 0.567 | 0.565 | 0.597 | 0.443 | 0.503 | 0.530 | 0.588 | 0.577 |
Wenzhou | 0.271 | 0.308 | 0.325 | 0.375 | 0.379 | 0.374 | 0.396 | 0.415 | 0.437 | 0.445 |
Jiaxing | 0.402 | 0.438 | 0.463 | 0.472 | 0.503 | 0.384 | 0.451 | 0.475 | 0.518 | 0.500 |
Huzhou | 0.373 | 0.377 | 0.355 | 0.381 | 0.414 | 0.371 | 0.428 | 0.472 | 0.481 | 0.460 |
Shaoxing | 0.311 | 0.345 | 0.346 | 0.368 | 0.445 | 0.413 | 0.431 | 0.476 | 0.497 | 0.504 |
Jinhua | 0.319 | 0.318 | 0.338 | 0.343 | 0.369 | 0.326 | 0.380 | 0.406 | 0.450 | 0.392 |
Quzhou | 0.213 | 0.219 | 0.251 | 0.274 | 0.296 | 0.371 | 0.391 | 0.409 | 0.438 | 0.426 |
Zhoushan | 0.392 | 0.416 | 0.431 | 0.463 | 0.502 | 0.447 | 0.503 | 0.523 | 0.550 | 0.543 |
Taizhou | 0.255 | 0.283 | 0.304 | 0.324 | 0.361 | 0.387 | 0.425 | 0.454 | 0.468 | 0.439 |
Lishui | 0.214 | 0.221 | 0.241 | 0.250 | 0.293 | 0.385 | 0.403 | 0.430 | 0.459 | 0.430 |
Total | 3.841 | 4.132 | 4.296 | 4.483 | 4.884 | 4.554 | 5.009 | 5.320 | 5.636 | 5.447 |
Ranking | Evaluation Index | Correlation |
---|---|---|
1 | Reduction rate of energy consumption per unit gross domestic product (x7) | 0.9884 |
2 | Engel coefficient ratio of urban and rural residents (x15) | 0.9708 |
3 | Per capita disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents (x12) | 0.9682 |
4 | Per capita consumption expenditure ratio of urban and rural residents (x13) | 0.9666 |
5 | Proportion of tertiary industry output value (x3) | 0.9649 |
6 | Proportion of the urban population to the total population (x11) | 0.9586 |
7 | Proportion of days with good air quality (x9) | 0.9578 |
8 | Number of students in ordinary primary and secondary schools per 10,000 people (x17) | 0.9517 |
9 | Number of health technicians per 10,000 people (x18) | 0.9461 |
10 | Average wage of on-the-job employees in urban units above the designated size (x16) | 0.9428 |
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Huang, Y.; Jiang, X.; Chen, Y. Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urbanization Quality in Zhejiang Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054093
Huang Y, Jiang X, Chen Y. Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urbanization Quality in Zhejiang Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054093
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yangfei, Xiaomin Jiang, and Yong Chen. 2023. "Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urbanization Quality in Zhejiang Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054093