The Effects of Acute Sleep Curtailment on Salt Taste Measures and Relationships with Energy-Corrected Sodium Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial with Methodology Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The adapted forced-choice paired-comparison tracking test could serve as a valid and reliable tool to determine salt taste preference.
- Salt taste liking, measured by the slope of liking ratings of five salty solutions across different concentrations would be steeper after a night of curtailed sleep compared to a night of habitual sleep; however, salt taste function, measured by the slope of intensity ratings would not be affected. Additionally, preferred salt concentration, measured by the newly developed test, would increase.
- Hedonic measures of salt taste (liking slope and preferred salt concentration) and salt taste function (intensity slope) would be positively associated with energy-corrected Na intake after both the habitual and the curtailed night of sleep.
- Distinguishable salt-liking phenotypes would be identified.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Protocol and Timeline
2.3. Compliance to Sleep Protocol
2.4. Consent Visit
2.5. Lab Visits
2.6. Taste Testing
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric and Demographic Information
3.2. Validation of the Adapted Forced-Choice Paired-Comparison Tracking Test in Determining Salt Taste Preference
3.3. Compliance of the Sleep Protocol
3.4. No Difference in Salt Taste Hedonic Measures and Function, Sodium and Macronutrient Intake, and Food Cravings between the Curtailed and Habitual Nights
3.5. Correlations between Hedonic Measures, Salt Taste Function, and Energy-Corrected Sodium Intake under the Habitual and the Curtailed Sleep Condition
3.6. Exploration of Salt-Liking Phenotypes
4. Discussion
4.1. Validity of the Adapted Forced-Choice, Paired-Comparison Tracking Procedure in Determining Salt Taste Preference
4.2. The Effects of Sleep on Salt Taste Function
4.3. The Effects of Sleep on Hedonic Measures of Salt Taste
4.4. Associations between Salt Taste Measures and Dietary Intake
4.5. Identification of Salt-Liking Phenotypes
4.6. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex | N | % |
---|---|---|
Male | 18 | 30.5 |
Female | 41 | 69.5 |
Race | ||
Asian | 23 | 39.0 |
Black | 5 | 8.5 |
White | 27 | 45.8 |
Other | 3 | 5.1 |
Ethnicity | ||
Hispanic | 2 | 3.4 |
Non-Hispanic | 51 | 86.4 |
Anthropometrics | Mean ± SD | Range |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 4.4 | 15.5–36.6 |
Body fat (%) | 24.7 ± 10.8 | 3.0–49.5 |
Age (y) | 26.2 ± 6.0 | 19–41 |
Sleep measures | Mean ± SD | Range |
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (score) | 4.0 ± 1.7 | 0–8 |
Sleep duration (h, self-reported) | 8.1 ± 0.6 | 7.1–9.1 |
Geometric Mean of the Preferred Salt Concentration for Those Who Experienced the Habitual Sleep Night First (n = 27) (Mean ± SD) | Geometric Mean of the Preferred Salt Concentration for Those Who Experienced the Habitual Sleep Night Second (n = 32) (Mean ± SD) | Geometric Mean of the Preferred Salt Concentration after the Habitual Sleep Night for the Overall Sample (n = 59) (Mean ± SD) | p Value for the Comparison of the Habitual Sleep Night Experienced as the First Night vs. the Second Night | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Habitual sleep night | 0.71 ± 0.38 mg/dL | 0.70 ± 0.36 mg/dL | 0.70 ± 0.37 mg/dL | 0.920 |
Habitual | Curtailed | % Reduction | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Objective sleep measures (h) | Time in bed | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 36.0% | < 0.001 |
Total sleep time | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 36.1% | < 0.001 | |
SWS sleep | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 13.3% | 0.002 | |
REM sleep | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 38.9% | <0.001 | |
Subjective sleep measures (0–100 scale) | Sleep quality satisfaction | 64.1± 17.5 | 41.4 ± 20.4 | 35.4% | <0.001 |
Sleep duration satisfaction | 67.9 ± 17.6 | 27.3 ± 14.1 | 59.8% | <0.001 |
Habitual | Curtailed | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Na (mg/d) | 3251.9 ± 1866.6 | 3156.9 ± 1400.0 | 0.621 |
Energy-corrected Na (mg/Kcal) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 0.986 |
Energy (Kcal/d) | 1984.3 ± 1101.6 | 1948.6 ± 818.0 | 0.757 |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | 249.0 ± 156.7 | 235.6 ± 120.3 | 0.454 |
Protein (g/d) | 73.5 ± 54.0 | 70.8 ± 37.7 | 0.657 |
Fat (g/d) | 76.7 ± 47.5 | 77.6 ± 36.9 | 0.864 |
Measures | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Age (years) | - | 0.213 | 0.295 † | −0.087 | −0.138 | −0.129 | 0.161 | −0.078 | −0.239 |
(2) BMI (Kg/m2) | - | 0.798 ** | 0.012 | −0.029 | −0.004 | 0.098 | −0.001 | 0.021 | |
(3) BF% | - | −0.046 | 0.046 | −0.110 | 0.121 | −0.030 | −0.119 | ||
(4) PSQI | - | 0.020 | 0.072 | −0.174 | 0.177 | −0.154 | |||
(5) Total sleep time (h) | - | −0.104 | −0.248 | 0.075 | 0.024 | ||||
(6) Liking slope | − | 0.009 | 0.593 ** | 0.338 ** | |||||
(7) Intensity slope | - | −0.199 | 0.005 | ||||||
(8) Preferred salt concentration (M) | - | 0.165 | |||||||
(9) Energy-corrected Na intake (mg/Kcal) | - |
Measures | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Age (years) | - | 0.213 | 0.295 † | −0.087 | −0.084 | −0.315 † | 0.158 | −0.021 | 0.037 |
(2) BMI (Kg/m2) | - | 0.798 ** | 0.012 | −0.214 | 0.074 | 0.294 † | −0.014 | 0.217 | |
(3) BF% | - | −0.046 | −0.195 | −0.119 | 0.259 † | −0.170 | 0.077 | ||
(4) PSQI | - | −0.061 | 0.136 | 0.162 | 0.060 | 0.203 | |||
(5) Total sleep time (h) | - | −0.171 | −0.259 † | −0.032 | −0.255 | ||||
(6) Liking slope | − | −0.029 | 0.671 ** | 0.132 | |||||
(7) Intensity slope | - | −0.099 | 0.299 † | ||||||
(8) Preferred salt concentration (M) | - | −0.016 | |||||||
(9) Energy-corrected Na intake (mg/Kcal) | - |
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Du, C.; Keast, R.; Tan, S.-Y.; Tucker, R.M. The Effects of Acute Sleep Curtailment on Salt Taste Measures and Relationships with Energy-Corrected Sodium Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial with Methodology Validation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054140
Du C, Keast R, Tan S-Y, Tucker RM. The Effects of Acute Sleep Curtailment on Salt Taste Measures and Relationships with Energy-Corrected Sodium Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial with Methodology Validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054140
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Chen, Russell Keast, Sze-Yen Tan, and Robin M. Tucker. 2023. "The Effects of Acute Sleep Curtailment on Salt Taste Measures and Relationships with Energy-Corrected Sodium Intake: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial with Methodology Validation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054140