The Perceptions and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks Since the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Case Study in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Causal Structure of the Perception and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks
2.1.1. Identifying Relevant Elements
2.1.2. Determining Relationships
2.1.3. Forming Feedback Loops
2.1.4. Analysis of Feedback Loops
2.2. Causal Relationship between COVID-19 Stress, Motivation, and Frequency of Visits
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Questionnaire
2.2.3. Procedures
2.2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Causal Structure around Neighborhood Parks Based on the COVID-19 Response
3.2. Causal Relationship between COVID-19 Stress, the Motivation to Alleviate It, and Visits to Neighborhood Parks
3.2.1. General Characteristics of Respondents
3.2.2. Factor Analysis of COVID-19 Stress and Motivation for Visiting Neighborhood Parks
3.2.3. Effect of COVID-19 Stress on the Motivation to Visit Neighborhood Parks
3.2.4. Effect of Neighborhood Park Visit Motivation on Visit Frequency
4. Discussion
4.1. COVID-19 Stress and Motivation to Visit Parks
4.2. Park Visits as an Adaptive Behavior
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Scale | Reference |
---|---|---|
COVID-19 Stress | Fear | [27,29,30] |
Lethargy | [29] | |
Anger | [29] | |
Traumatic reaction | [30] | |
Motivation of visit | Physical activity | [31,32] |
Natural elements | [31,33] | |
Stress relief | [31,32,33] | |
Mental activity | [31,32,33] | |
Social connection | [31,33] | |
Related to COVID-19 | [32,34,35,36] | |
Frequency of visits | . | [37] |
Feedback Loop | Property | Contents |
---|---|---|
B1 | Balancing | Stress arises when the desire to engage in various activities is not satisfied due to the spread of COVID-19. To solve this problem, motivation to go out occurs, which leads to a visit to the neighborhood park. When needs are satisfied through a visit to the park, COVID-19 stress is reduced, forming feedback in which stress is balanced. |
B2 | Balancing | As the number of COVID cases increases, people worry more about infection and are more willing to stay inside rather than go out and engage in contact with others. This may lead people to stay home and thus improve the pandemic conditions; however, it does not initially improve COVID-19 stress. |
B3 | Balancing | Individuals visit neighborhood parks to relieve stress. By performing physical activities in the park, their health is improved and their immunity to COVID-19 increases. In the long term, this serves to prevent infection, forming a balancing loop in which the number of positive COVID-19 cases decreases. |
R1 | Reinforcing | If many people become concentrated in a neighborhood park of limited capacity due to the motivation to go out stemming from COVID-19 stress, then the risk of outdoor infection increases. This increases concerns about infection, forming reinforcing feedback that increases COVID-19 stress. |
Variable | Polarity | Variable | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Number of COVID-19 Positive cases | + | COVID-19 Stress | [28,39] |
COVID-19 Stress | + | Motivation to go out | [40] |
Frequency of Visiting Neighborhood Parks | + | Meeting of Needs | [41] |
Frequency of Visiting Neighborhood Parks | + | Physical Activities | [42] |
Capacity of Neighborhood Parks | − | Outdoor Infection Risk | [43] |
Characteristics | Variables | Frequency | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 23 | 23.5 |
Female | 75 | 76.5 | |
Age | 10s | 6 | 6.1 |
20s | 49 | 50.0 | |
30s | 13 | 13.3 | |
40s | 18 | 18.4 | |
50s | 9 | 9.2 | |
Over 60 | 3 | 3.1 | |
Distance to neighborhood park (on foot) | Within 5 min | 34 | 34.7 |
Within 10 min | 38 | 38.8 | |
Within 30 min | 19 | 19.4 | |
Over 30 min | 7 | 7.1 |
Division | Communality | Factor Loading | M (SD) | EV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Item | |||||
Factor 1 | Anxiety about infection (α = 0.885) | I am worried about getting infected with COVID-19. | 0.804 | 0.857 | 5.14 (1.506) | 6.889 |
I am worried about when and where I will be infected with COVID-19. | 0.755 | 0.821 | 4.98 (1.586) | |||
I’m worried that I might get infected with COVID-19 if I touch a handle in a public place. | 0.620 | 0.756 | 4.57 (1.693) | |||
I’m worried about getting infected with COVID-19 because of people around me. | 0.656 | 0.740 | 5.03 (1.502) | |||
I am worried about getting infected with COVID-19 in an enclosed place that I use frequently (e.g., elevators, public transportation). | 0.631 | 0.690 | 4.80 (1.705) | |||
Factor 2 | Helplessness due to social disconnection (α = 0.849) | I am depressed because I cannot do hobbies or cultural activities as I did before because of COVID-19. | 0.726 | 0.827 | 4.88 (1.778) | 2.404 |
As social distancing continues for a long time, I feel disconnected from society. | 0.725 | 0.816 | 4.19 (1.919) | |||
Due to COVID-19, more time at home has lowered my will to live and made me lethargic. | 0.752 | 0.722 | 4.17 (1.969) | |||
It is hard to see family and friends very often because of COVID-19. | 0.656 | 0.699 | 4.83 (1.811) | |||
Factor 3 | Anger over contagion (α = 0.779) | I get angry when I see people going to high-risk facilities (e.g., pubs, clubs) where there is a risk of spreading COVID-19. | 0.772 | 0.854 | 5.37 (1.778) | 2.161 |
I get angry at my boss, seniors, and adults in my family for forcing me to a dinner or meeting without considering the possibility of COVID-19 transmission. | 0.646 | 0.768 | 5.13 (1.848) | |||
I follow the quarantine rules well, but I get angry when other people do not follow them properly. | 0.674 | 0.747 | 5.17 (1.687) | |||
I get angry at religious people who insist on engaging in contact activities. | 0.559 | 0.602 | 5.81 (1.564) | |||
Factor 4 | Traumatic reaction (α = 0.756) | When I think of COVID-19, I sweat or my heart beats quickly. | 0.767 | 0.851 | 1.40 (0.770) | 1.762 |
I have been contemplating suicide because of COVID-19 stress. | 0.718 | 0.838 | 1.18 (0.615) | |||
It is hard to concentrate because I’m worried about COVID-19. | 0.703 | 0.725 | 1.83 (1.149) | |||
It is difficult to get enough sleep due to the psychological pressure of COVID-19. | 0.504 | 0.610 | 1.96 (1.235) | |||
Factor 5 | Daily stress (α = 0.797) | Daily life has become terrifying due to COVID-19. | 0.771 | 0.703 | 4.17 (1.675) | 1.118 |
When COVID-19 news is updated on TV or social media, it is stressful. | 0.689 | 0.700 | 4.31 (1.796) |
Division | Communality | Factor Loading | M (SD) | EV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Item | |||||
Factor 1 | Biophilia (α = 0.879) | To enjoy the beautiful scenery | 0.827 | 0.840 | 4.41 (1.931) | 4.012 |
To rest | 0.722 | 0.835 | 5.21 (1.778) | |||
To experience nature | 0.756 | 0.811 | 4.47 (1.933) | |||
For psychological stability and relaxation | 0.717 | 0.751 | 5.26 (1.575) | |||
To energize | 0.642 | 0.655 | 5.49 (1.372) | |||
A visit to the park relieves tension | 0.572 | 0.593 | 4.03 (2.023) | |||
Factor 2 | Exercise for health improvement (α = 0.645) | Because you can go for a walk or jog | 0.735 | 0.744 | 5.84 (1.249) | 2.013 |
To exercise in the park | 0.643 | 0.731 | 4.54 (1.742) | |||
Because you can breathe the fresh air | 0.603 | 0.514 | 5.18 (1.719) | |||
To prevent disease through healthy living | 0.677 | 0.484 | 3.67 (2.014) | |||
Factor 3 | Social and leisure activities (α = 0.616) | To meet new people | 0.662 | 0.804 | 1.73 (1.273) | 1.952 |
To read a book in the park | 0.598 | 0.708 | 1.95 (1.424) | |||
Factor 4 | Safety from infection in the park (α = 0.699) | Because the park is safer from COVID-19 than other places | 0.826 | 0.892 | 4.45 (1.873) | 1.911 |
Because the park is sanitary | 0.671 | 0.658 | 3.30 (1.682) | |||
Factor 5 | Meeting the desire to go out (α = 0.797) | To satisfy the desire to go out | 0.816 | 0.873 | 4.44 (1.959) | 1.837 |
To get out of the house | 0.790 | 0.827 | 4.51 (1.922) | |||
Factor 6 | Alternative place exploration (α = 0.623) | To meet friends | 0.724 | 0.773 | 3.50 (2.112) | 1.584 |
No limit on the number of people | 0.736 | 0.645 | 3.41 (2.004) | |||
More free time because daily life has shifted to working at home or online | 0.591 | 0.509 | 3.14 (1.948) |
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Lee, J.; Chon, J.; Park, Y.; Lee, J. The Perceptions and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks Since the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Case Study in South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054259
Lee J, Chon J, Park Y, Lee J. The Perceptions and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks Since the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Case Study in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054259
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jiku, Jinhyung Chon, Yujin Park, and Junga Lee. 2023. "The Perceptions and Use of Urban Neighborhood Parks Since the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Case Study in South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054259