A Literature Study of Medical Simulations for Non-Technical Skills Training in Emergency Medicine: Twenty Years of Progress, an Integrated Research Framework, and Future Research Avenues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What lessons have been learnt over the past two decades from utilizing medical simulations for non-technical skills training in emergency medicine?
2. Research Method
- Application paper. The study incorporates at least one medical simulation category and implements a simulation-based experiment to illustrate facets of emergency medicine.
- Methodological contribution. The study precedes a simulation of any medical system; rather, it offers either a methodological critique or an evaluation of relevant simulation experiments.
- Literature review. The study synthesises the significant aspects and outcomes from a vast number of references in the investigated area of research.
3. Results
3.1. Medical Simulations for Non-Technical Skills Training in Emergency Medicine: Overview
Research Focus | Reference | Non-Technical Skill | Stated Participant’s Profession | Research Method | Data Collection Sources | Respective Operational Clinical Environment | Medical Simulation Product and Vendor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-fidelity simulation | [10,12,15,23,27,28,29,30,34,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] | Communication (69); Teamwork (48); Leadership (29); Decision-making (19); Coordination/collaboration (12); Others (3) | Residents (26); Nurses (24); Physicians (17); Students (15); Doctors (6); Midwives (5); Therapists (5); Paramedics (4); Assistants (3); Gynaecologists (3); Surgeons (3); Anaesthesiologists (2); Pharmacists (2); Technicians (2); Trainees (2); Others (13) | Mixed-method (42); Quantitative (27); Qualitative (9); n/a (5) | Observational (45); Outcomes (24); n/a (20) | Unit (46); Department (17); Institution (16) | SimMan, Laerdal (10); SimMan 3G, Laerdal (5); METI, Medical Education Technologies (4); Resusci Anne, Laerdal (2); HAL, Gaumard Scientific (2); SimNewB, Laerdal (2); SimBaby, Laerdal (2); Noelle, Gaumard (2); SimJunior, Laerdal (1); PAEDSIM, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (1); PediaSIM, CAE Healthcare (1); UltraSim, MedSim (1); PROMPT birthing simulator, Limbs and Things (1); Others (8) |
Patient simulation | [10,11,16,31,32,33,60,62,67,68,84,85,87,95,96,97,105,107,110,112,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] | Communication (39); Teamwork (25); Leadership (21); Decision-making (12); Coordination/collaboration (5); Others (7) | Residents (16); Nurses (14); Physicians (14); Students (18); Midwives (1); Therapists (3); Paramedics (6); Gynaecologists (1); Surgeons (2); Anaesthesiologists (3); Pharmacists (1); Technicians (1); Trainees (1); Others (9) | Mixed-method (30); Quantitative (17); Qualitative (9); n/a (2) | Observational (35); Outcomes (17); n/a (13) | Unit (33); Department (11); Institution (11) | SimMan, Laerdal (20); SimMan 3G, Laerdal (7); METI, Medical Education Technologies (4); Resusci Anne, Laerdal (4); HAL, Gaumard Scientific (1); SimNewB, Laerdal (2); SimBaby, Laerdal (3); Noelle, Gaumard (1); Resusci Junior, Laerdal (1); CAE Healthcare (1); PROMPT birthing simulator, Limbs and Things (1); Atmosphere, Adobe Systems (2); ECS, Disastermed.Ca (1); CVC simulator, GT Simulators (1); Others (10) |
Mannequin | [9,23,34,35,44,45,46,47,87,88,94,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162] | Communication (28); Teamwork (14); Leadership (13); Decision-making (6); Coordination/collaboration (1); Others (2) | Residents (10); Nurses (12); Physicians (8); Students (7); Doctors (4); Midwives (2); Therapists (3); Paramedics (2); Gynaecologists (1); Surgeons (1); Anaesthesiologists (1); Pharmacists (1); Obstetricians (3); Interns (2); Others (8) | Mixed-method (28); Quantitative (2); Qualitative (6) | Observational (26); Outcomes (6); n/a (6) | Unit (20); Department (7); Institution (9) | SimMan, Laerdal (12); METI, Medical Education Technologies (1); Resusci Anne, Laerdal (4); HAL, Gaumard Scientific (1); Noelle, Gaumard (2); UltraSim, MedSim (1); PROMPT birthing simulator, Limbs and Things (2); Atmosphere, Adobe Systems (1); MegaCode, Ambu A/S Ballerup (1); Others (4) |
In situ simulation | [36,37,38,46,65,66,81,88,103,104,106,107,108,109,111,145,151,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] | Communication (23); Teamwork (21); Leadership (6); Decision-making (5); Coordination/collaboration (3); Others (2) | Residents (9); Nurses (19); Physicians (12); Students (3); Doctors (1); Midwives (1); Therapists (6); Paramedics (1); Assistants (3); Gynaecologists (1); Surgeons (2); Anaesthesiologists (4); Pharmacists (4); Obstetricians (2); Technicians (3); Others (9) | Mixed-method (6); Quantitative (10); Qualitative (11); n/a (1) | Observational (19); Outcomes (9); n/a (5) | Unit (10); Department (10); Institution (5) | SimMan, Laerdal (3); SimMan 3G, Laerdal (3); Resusci Anne, Laerdal (1); HAL, Gaumard Scientific (3); SimBaby, Laerdal (1); Noelle, Gaumard (2); PAEDSIM, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (1); PROMPT birthing simulator, Limbs and Things (1); ECS, Disastermed.Ca (1); SimCapture, B-line Medical (1); Others (3) |
Screen-based simulation | [39,40,41,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181] | Communication (5); Teamwork (1); Leadership (3); Decision-making (2); Coordination/collaboration (1); Others (4) | Residents (3); Nurses (3); Physicians (1); Students (5); Doctors (1); Surgeons (1); Anaesthesiologists (1) | Mixed-method (5); Quantitative (3); Qualitative (2); n/a (1) | Observational (5); Outcomes (2); n/a (5) | Unit (2); Department (4); Institution (3) | Second Life, Linden Research Inc. (1); iStan, Medical Education Technologies (1); ISEE Simulator, E-Semble (1); PediatricSim, Saint Louis University (1); First2Act, Monash University (1); SIMAN, Rockwell Software (1); ProModel, ProModel (1); AnyLogic, AnyLogic (1); Others (1); |
Misc. | [182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194] | Communication (11); Teamwork (5); Leadership (3); Decision-making (3); Coordination/collaboration (1) | Residents (2); Nurses (4); Physicians (3); Students (3); Doctors (2); Midwives (1); Paramedics (1); Others (1) | Mixed-method (6); Quantitative (4); Qualitative (2); n/a (1) | Observational (8); Outcomes (2); n/a (4) | Unit (4); Department (6); Institution (3) | METI, Medical Education Technologies (1); ECS, Medical Education Technologies (1); Swiss medium fidelity simulator, Laerdal (1); iStan, Medical Education Technologies (1); PROMT flex model, Limbs and Things (1); ETS, Centre for Teaching and Research in Disaster Medicine and Traumatology (1); MACSIM, MACSIM (1); |
Not specified | [24,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234] | Communication (31); Teamwork (18); Leadership (12); Decision-making (12); Coordination/collaboration (2); Others (3) | Residents (4); Nurses (14); Physicians (8); Students (5); Doctors (10); Midwives (2); Therapists (1); Paramedics (7); Assistants (3); Surgeons (4); Anaesthesiologists (1); Technicians (1); Midwives (2); Others (9) | Mixed-method (13); Quantitative (14); Qualitative (12); n/a (4) | Observational (17); Outcomes (8); n/a (18) | Unit (19); Department (6); Institution (10) | EART simulation, Boston Medical Center (1) |
Methodological contribution | [13,14,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282] | ||||||
Literature review | [283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315] |
3.2. Communication
3.3. Teamwork
3.4. Leadership
3.5. Decision-Making
3.6. Coordination and Collaboration
3.7. Others
3.8. Scholarly Pattern Analysis
3.9. Bibliometric Analysis
3.10. Ring Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Practice-Based Training and Improvement
- ‘How can various agencies be brought together via simulation-based non-technical skills training?’
- ‘How can medical simulations foster innovative strategies for addressing challenges that cannot be resolved independently?’
4.2. Teaching Theories and Educational Planning Models
- ‘How do we apply teaching theories and major approaches to educational planning with medical simulations for non-technical skills training in emergency medicine?’
4.3. Medical Simulation Verification and Validation
- ‘What paradigms should be developed for verifying and validating medical simulations in emergency medicine?’
- ‘How can instructors describe the logistical aspects of emergency medicine using real-time clinical data and patient inflow patterns?’
4.4. Applied Ergonomics
- ‘How could technology-driven tools as user-centric design approaches overcome ergonomic issues with medical simulations?’
4.5. User Interface Design
- ‘What is the cutting-edge innovation in interface design for the integration of function and usability?’
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, C. A Literature Study of Medical Simulations for Non-Technical Skills Training in Emergency Medicine: Twenty Years of Progress, an Integrated Research Framework, and Future Research Avenues. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054487
Zhang C. A Literature Study of Medical Simulations for Non-Technical Skills Training in Emergency Medicine: Twenty Years of Progress, an Integrated Research Framework, and Future Research Avenues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054487
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Cevin. 2023. "A Literature Study of Medical Simulations for Non-Technical Skills Training in Emergency Medicine: Twenty Years of Progress, an Integrated Research Framework, and Future Research Avenues" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054487