Impact of Unexpected In-House Major COVID-19 Outbreaks on Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Multi-Institutional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Psychosocial Support System by the F-PSST
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3.2. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
2.3.3. Self-Confidence in Continuing to Work
2.3.4. COVID-19-Related Symptoms
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Information of Participants
Overall | PCR-Negative | PCR-Positive | Unknown PCR Status | pa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/Score | (%) | n/Score | (%) | n/Score | (%) | n/Score | (%) | |||
Total a | 558 | (100.0) | 386 | (69.2) | 108 | (19.4) | 64 | (11.5) | ||
Facility type | <0.001 | |||||||||
Hospital | 414 | (74.2) | 333 | (86.3) | 64 | (59.3) | 17 | (26.6) | ||
Nursing home | 144 | (25.8) | 53 | (13.7) | 44 | (40.7) | 47 | (73.4) | ||
Number of days between outbreak and response to the screening test | 0.076 | |||||||||
Mean | 27.28 | - | 27.4 | - | 29.27 | - | 22.95 | - | ||
Median | 16.50 | - | 15.0 | - | 20.50 | - | 25.00 | - | ||
SD | 19.01 | - | 19.9 | - | 19.11 | - | 10.95 | - | ||
Range | 7–88 | - | 7–71 | - | 12–88 | - | 9–64 | - | ||
Sex | 0.218 | |||||||||
Woman | 403 | (74.4) | 292 | (75.8) | 76 | (73.8) | 35 | (64.8) | ||
Man | 139 | (25.6) | 93 | (24.2) | 27 | (26.2) | 19 | (35.2) | ||
Age (years) | 0.064 | |||||||||
20–29 | 132 | (24.8) | 107 | (28.0) | 18 | (17.5) | 7 | (14.9) | ||
30–39 | 144 | (27.1) | 100 | (26.2) | 32 | (31.1) | 12 | (25.5) | ||
40–49 | 117 | (22.0) | 86 | (22.5) | 21 | (20.4) | 10 | (21.3) | ||
50–59 | 103 | (19.4) | 66 | (17.3) | 26 | (25.2) | 11 | (23.4) | ||
≥60 | 36 | (6.8) | 23 | (6.0) | 6 | (5.8) | 7 | (14.9) | ||
Job type | <0.001 | |||||||||
Nurse | 218 | (40.6) | 160 | (42.1) | 31 | (30.1) | 21 | (38.9) | ||
Nursing home staff | 77 | (14.3) | 30 | (7.9) | 46 | (44.7) | 12 | (22.2) | ||
Other HCW | 242 | (45.1) | 190 | (50.0) | 26 | (25.2) | 21 | (38.9) | ||
PHQ-9 | ||||||||||
Mean | 7.63 | - | 7.34 | - | 8.69 | - | 7.64 | - | 0.095 | |
SD | 5.75 | - | 5.59 | - | 6.20 | - | 5.79 | - | ||
Degree of severity | 0.442 | |||||||||
0–4 (minimal) | 186 | (33.3) | 130 | (33.7) | 36 | (33.3) | 20 | (31.3) | ||
5–9 (mild) | 208 | (37.3) | 151 | (39.1) | 32 | (29.6) | 25 | (39.1) | ||
10–14 (moderate) | 85 | (15.2) | 57 | (14.8) | 20 | (18.5) | 8 | (12.5) | ||
15–19 (moderately severe) | 53 | (9.5) | 32 | (8.3) | 12 | (11.1) | 9 | (14.1) | ||
20–27 (severe) | 26 | (4.7) | 16 | (4.1) | 8 | (7.4) | 2 | (3.1) | ||
≥10 on total scores (probable depression) | 164 | (29.4) | 105 | (27.2) | 40 | (37.0) | 19 | (29.7) | 0.140 | |
≥1 on item nine scores (suicidal ideation) | 57 | (10.2) | 39 | (10.1) | 16 | (14.8) | 2 | (3.1) | 0.050 | |
Self-confidence in continuing to work | 0.041 | |||||||||
Mean | 1.69 | - | 3.55 | - | 3.00 | - | 3.90 | - | ||
SD | 1.24 | - | 1.02 | - | 0.91 | - | 0.74 | - |
3.2. Associations between Sociodemographic Variables and Depressive Symptoms
Total Score (≥10 Compared with <10) | Item Nine Score (≥1 Compared with <1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||
Facility type | |||||||||
Hospital | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Nursing home | 1.08 | 0.71 | 1.63 | 0.722 | 1.25 | 0.69 | 2.29 | 0.465 | |
Number of days between outbreak occurrence and response to the screening test | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.084 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.079 | |
Sex | |||||||||
Woman | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Man | 0.70 | 0.45 | 1.08 | 0.106 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.77 | 0.843 | |
Age (years) | |||||||||
20–29 | Ref | Ref | |||||||
30–39 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 1.09 | 0.096 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 1.01 | 0.052 | |
40–49 | 1.44 | 0.85 | 2.44 | 0.179 | 0.89 | 0.44 | 1.80 | 0.741 | |
50–59 | 1.23 | 0.71 | 2.13 | 0.468 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 1.01 | 0.052 | |
≥60 | 1.05 | 0.47 | 2.34 | 0.906 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 1.82 | 0.299 | |
Job type | |||||||||
Other HCW | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Nurse | 2.74 | 1.80 | 4.15 | <0.001 | 2.41 | 1.26 | 4.62 | 0.008 | |
Nursing home staff | 2.06 | 1.17 | 3.64 | 0.013 | 2.79 | 1.25 | 6.27 | 0.013 | |
COVID-19 infection status | |||||||||
PCR-negative | Ref | Ref | |||||||
PCR-positive | 1.57 | 1.00 | 2.47 | 0.048 | 1.55 | 0.83 | 2.89 | 0.171 | |
Unknown PCR status | 1.13 | 0.63 | 2.02 | 0.680 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 1.22 | 0.091 |
Total Score (≥10 Compared with <10) | Item Nine Score (≥1 Compared with <1) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | VIF | p | OR | 95% CI | VIF | p | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||||
Facility type | |||||||||||
Hospital | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Nursing home | 1.07 | 0.60 | 1.91 | 1.69 | 0.823 | 1.53 | 0.55 | 4.20 | 1.69 | 0.413 | |
Number of days between outbreak occurrence and response to the screening test | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.101 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.076 | |
Sex | |||||||||||
Woman | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Man | 1.11 | 0.68 | 1.83 | 1.16 | 0.667 | 1.35 | 0.66 | 2.76 | 1.16 | 0.414 | |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
20–29 | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
30–39 | 0.64 | 0.36 | 1.14 | 1.58 | 0.132 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.93 | 1.58 | 0.034 | |
40–49 | 1.38 | 0.79 | 2.41 | 1.50 | 0.256 | 0.78 | 0.36 | 1.69 | 1.50 | 0.535 | |
50–59 | 1.05 | 0.59 | 1.89 | 1.58 | 0.863 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.75 | 1.58 | 0.011 | |
≥60 | 1.03 | 0.45 | 2.35 | 1.22 | 0.947 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 1.89 | 1.22 | 0.274 | |
Job type | |||||||||||
Other HCW | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Nurse | 2.61 | 1.67 | 4.09 | 1.26 | <0.001 | 2.61 | 1.28 | 5.29 | 1.26 | 0.008 | |
Nursing home staff | 1.65 | 0.84 | 3.26 | 1.52 | 0.148 | 2.71 | 0.83 | 8.88 | 1.52 | 0.099 | |
COVID-19 infection status | |||||||||||
PCR-negative | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
PCR-positive | 1.57 | 0.95 | 2.60 | 1.15 | 0.081 | 1.46 | 0.73 | 2.95 | 1.15 | 0.286 | |
Unknown PCR status | 1.35 | 0.66 | 2.77 | 1.21 | 0.405 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 1.38 | 1.21 | 0.118 | |
R2 | 0.10 | ** | 0.18 | ** |
3.3. Association between Depressive Symptoms and Self-Confidence in Continuing to Work
3.4. Sociodemographic Information of COVID-19-Related Symptoms in PCR-Positive HCWs
3.5. Associations between Sociodemographic Variables, Number of COVID-19-Related Symptoms, and Depressive Symptoms
3.6. Psychosocial Interventions for At-Risk HCWs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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COVID-19-Related Symptoms | n/Scores | (%) |
---|---|---|
One or more COVID-19-related symptoms | 68 | (86.1) |
Impaired taste | 14 | (17.7) |
Impaired smell | 20 | (25.3) |
Fatigue | 25 | (31.6) |
Slight fever | 8 | (10.1) |
Dyspnea | 5 | (6.3) |
Headache | 18 | (22.8) |
Chest pain | 4 | (5.1) |
Sore throat | 13 | (16.5) |
Difficulty concentrating | 13 | (16.5) |
Memory impairment | 2 | (2.5) |
Sleep problems | 20 | (25.3) |
Decreased appetite | 8 | (10.1) |
Diarrhea | 5 | (6.3) |
Hair loss | 4 | (5.1) |
Red eyes | 0 | (0.0) |
Dizziness | 5 | (6.3) |
Cough | 36 | (45.6) |
Nasal discomfort | 18 | (22.8) |
Hoarse voice | 13 | (16.5) |
Numbness of the tongue and lips | 1 | (1.3) |
Decreased physical strength | 44 | (55.7) |
Weakened muscle | 31 | (39.2) |
Others | 7 | (8.9) |
Mean | 2.91 | - |
Median | 2.00 | - |
SD | 3.37 | - |
Range | 0–19 | - |
Total Score (≥10 Compared with <10) | Item Nine Score (≥1 Compared with <1) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | VIF | p | OR | 95% CI | VIF | p | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||||
Facility type | |||||||||||
Hospital | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Nursing home | 1.34 | 0.30 | 6.03 | 1.80 | 0.702 | 1.32 | 0.15 | 11.88 | 1.80 | 0.806 | |
Number of days between outbreak occurrence and response to the screening test | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 1.30 | 0.901 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.30 | 0.184 | |
Sex | |||||||||||
Woman | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Man | 2.57 | 0.61 | 10.73 | 1.53 | 0.196 | 1.27 | 0.63 | 2.56 | 1.15 | 0.511 | |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
20–29 | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
30–39 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 3.29 | 2.06 | 0.669 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 1.57 | 2.06 | 0.118 | |
40–49 | 1.65 | 0.38 | 7.23 | 1.77 | 0.504 | 1.80 | 0.40 | 8.12 | 1.77 | 0.442 | |
50–59 | 2.70 | 0.63 | 11.58 | 1.93 | 0.181 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 1.45 | 1.93 | 0.118 | |
≥60 | 2.58 | 0.26 | 25.52 | 1.38 | 0.418 | 0.91 | 0.05 | 17.39 | 1.38 | 0.951 | |
Job type | |||||||||||
Other HCW | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Nurse | 4.41 | 1.01 | 19.25 | 2.04 | 0.049 | 4.96 | 0.85 | 28.85 | 2.04 | 0.075 | |
Nursing home staff | 2.06 | 0.41 | 10.28 | 2.02 | 0.380 | 4.63 | 0.64 | 33.24 | 2.02 | 0.128 | |
Number of COVID-19-related symptoms | 1.45 | 1.16 | 1.81 | 1.09 | 0.001 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.47 | 1.09 | 0.042 | |
R2 | 0.39 | ** | 0.38 | * |
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Sato, H.; Maeda, M.; Takebayashi, Y.; Setou, N.; Shimada, J.; Kanari, Y. Impact of Unexpected In-House Major COVID-19 Outbreaks on Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Multi-Institutional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064718
Sato H, Maeda M, Takebayashi Y, Setou N, Shimada J, Kanari Y. Impact of Unexpected In-House Major COVID-19 Outbreaks on Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Multi-Institutional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064718
Chicago/Turabian StyleSato, Hideki, Masaharu Maeda, Yui Takebayashi, Noriko Setou, Jiro Shimada, and Yumiko Kanari. 2023. "Impact of Unexpected In-House Major COVID-19 Outbreaks on Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Multi-Institutional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064718
APA StyleSato, H., Maeda, M., Takebayashi, Y., Setou, N., Shimada, J., & Kanari, Y. (2023). Impact of Unexpected In-House Major COVID-19 Outbreaks on Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Multi-Institutional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064718