Analysis of the Clinical Status and Treatment of Facial Cellulitis of Odontogenic Origin in Pediatric Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hajishengallis, E.; Parsaei, Y.; Klein, M.I.; Koo, H. Advances in the microbial etiology and pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Mol. Oral Microbiol. 2017, 32, 24–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kamińska, A.; Szalewski, L.; Batkowska, J.; Wallner, J.; Wallner, E.; Szabelska, A.; Borowicz, J. The dependence of dental caries on oral hygiene habits in preschool children from urban and rural areas in Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2016, 23, 660–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grund, K.; Goddon, I.; Schüler, I.M.; Lehmann, T.; Heinrich-Weltzien, R. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5- and 8-year-olds. BMC Oral Health 2015, 15, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matthews-Brzozowska, T.; Nęcka, A.; Babijczuk, T. Status of Deciduous Molars and Evaluation of After−Effects of their Premature Loss in Preschool Children. Dent. Med. Prob. 2003, 40, 313–317. [Google Scholar]
- Uluibau, I.C.; Jaunay, T.; Goss, A.N. Severe odontogenic infections. Aust. Dent. J. 2005, 50, 74–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Giunta Crescente, C.; Soto de Facchin, M.; Acevedo Rodríguez, A.M. Medical-dental considerations in the care of children with facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin. A disease of interest for pediatricians and pediatric dentists. Consideraciones médico-odontológicas en la atención del niño con celulitis facial odontogénica. Una patología de interés para pediatras y odontopediatras. Arch. Argent Pediatr. 2018, 116, 548–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batista Sánchez, T.; Martínez Chacón, M.M.; Rojas Escobar, R.M.; Tamayo Ávila, J.O.; Méndez de Varona, Y.B. Celulitis facial odontógena en pacientes del Hospital Lenin de Holguín. Correo Científico Médico 2017, 21, 34–36. [Google Scholar]
- Kamiński, B.; Błochowiak, K.; Kołomański, K.; Sikora, M.; Karwan, S.; Chlubek, D. Oral and Maxillofacial Infections-A Bacterial and Clinical Cross-Section. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biederman, G.R.; Dodson, T.B. Epidemiologic review of facial infections in hospitalized pediatric patients. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1994, 52, 1042–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, J.; Lin, Y.T.; Lin, Y.T.J. Odontogenic cellulitis in children requiring hospitalization. J. Dent. Sci. 2013, 8, 129–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Al-Malik, M.; Al-Sarheed, M. Pattern of management of oro-facial infection in children: A retrospective. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2017, 24, 1375–1379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Perina, V.; Szaraz, D.; Harazim, H.; Urik, M.; Klabusayova, E. Paediatric Deep Neck Infection-The Risk of Needing Intensive Care. Children 2022, 9, 979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kam, A.J.; Leal, J.; Freedman, S.B. Pediatric cellulitis: Success of emergency department short-course intravenous antibiotics. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2010, 26, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michael, J.A.; Hibbert, S.A. Presentation and management of facial swellings of odontogenic origin in children. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2014, 15, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chura, N. Celulitis cervicofacial de origen dentario. Rev. Act. Clin. Med. 2010, 1, 40–45. [Google Scholar]
- Doll, C.; Carl, F.; Neumann, K.; Voss, J.O.; Hartwig, S.; Waluga, R.; Heiland, M.; Raguse, J.D. Odontogenic Abscess-Related Emergency Hospital Admissions: A Retrospective Data Analysis of 120 Children and Young People Requiring Surgical Drainage. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 3504727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lim, S.W.; Lee, W.S.; Mani, S.A.; Kadir, K. Management of odontogenic infection in paediatric patients: A retrospective clinical study. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 21, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kara, A.; Ozsurekci, Y.; Tekcicek, M.; Karadag Oncel, E.; Cengiz, A.B.; Karahan, S.; Ceyhan, M.; Celik, M.O.; Ozkaya-Parlakay, A. Length of hospital stay and management of facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin in children. Pediatr. Dent. 2014, 36, 18–22. [Google Scholar]
- Thikkurissy, S.; Rawlins, J.T.; Kumar, A.; Evans, E.; Casamassimo, P.S. Rapid treatment reduces hospitalization for pediatric patients with odontogenic-based cellulitis. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2010, 28, 668–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonçalves, L.; Lauriti, L.; Yamamoto, M.K.; Luz, J.G. Characteristics and management of patients requiring hospitalization for treatment of odontogenic infections. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2013, 24, 458–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritwik, P.; Fallahi, S.; Yu, Q. Management of facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin in a paediatric hospital. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 30, 483–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, Y.T.; Lu, P.W. Retrospective study of pediatric facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2006, 25, 339–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk, A.; Orzechowska-Wylęgała, B.; Latusek, K.; Roszkowska, A.M. Analysis of Clinical Symptoms and Biochemical Parameters in Odontogenic Cellulitis of the Head and Neck Region in Children. Children 2023, 10, 172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clinical Affairs Committee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Management Considerations for Pediatric Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology. Pediatr.Dent. 2015, 37, 85–94. [Google Scholar]
- Clinical Affairs Committee American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on use of antibiotic therapy for pediatric dental patients. Pediatr. Dent. 2016, 38, 325–327. [Google Scholar]
- Orzechowska-Wylęgała, B.; Wylęgała, A.; Buliński, M.; Niedzielska, I.; Madej, A. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of antibiotic therapy in maxillofacial surgery. BDJ Open 2017, 3, 17002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Acosta, M.G.; Bolívar, M.; Nuñez, N. Manejo de infecciones odontogénicas en niños. Revisión de la literatura. Rev. AMOP 2017, 29, 52–58. [Google Scholar]
- Dar-Odeh, N.; Fadel, H.T.; Abu-Hammad, S.; Abdeljawad, R.; Abu-Hammad, O.A. Antibiotic Prescribing for Oro-Facial Infections in the Paediatric Outpatient: A Review. Antibiotics 2018, 7, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Robertson, D.P.; Keys, W.; Rautemaa-Richardson, R.; Burns, R.; Smith, A.J. Management of severe acute dental infections. BMJ 2015, 350, 1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flynn, T.R. What are the antibiotics of choice for odontogenic infections, and how long should the treatment course last? Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2011, 23, 519–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wylęgała, A.; Paluch, M.; Orzechowska-Wylęgała, B.; Galicka-Brzezina, A.; Chyrek, K.; Madej, A. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of antibiotic therapy in surgical site infections. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2019, 57, 429–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Study Variables | Upper Face (n = 13) | Shapiro–Wilk Test | Lower Face (n = 14) | Shapiro–Wilk Test | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 6.5 ± 5.39 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 10,14 ± 4.34 | normal (p = 0.37) | 0.076 | 0.74 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 7 (54%) | 7 (50%) | ||||
Female | 6 (46%) | 7 (50%) | ||||
Length of hospitalization | 3.54 ± 2.68 | normal (p = 0.04) | 2.0 ± 1.41 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 0.082 | 0.72 |
Source of infection | ||||||
Deciduous anterior | 5 (38.5%) | 0 | ||||
Deciduous posterior | 5 (38.5%) | 5 (36%) | ||||
Permanent anterior | 3 (23%) | 0 | ||||
Permanent posterior | 0 | 9 (64%) | ||||
Symptoms | ||||||
Trismus | 5 (38%) | 10 (71%) | ||||
Extraoral swelling | 10 (77%) | 11 (79%) | ||||
Intraoral swelling | 11 (85%) | 14 (100%) | ||||
Extraoral+ Intraoral swelling | 10 (77%) | 11 (79%) | ||||
Fistula | 6 (46%) | 2 (14%) | ||||
Fever > 37.5 °C | 4 (31%) | 3 (21%) | ||||
Dysphagia | 1 (8%) | 6 (43%) | ||||
Pain | ||||||
≥9 years old (VAS) | 7.00 ± 0.81 | normal (p = 0.999) | 5.6 ± 0.92 | normal (p = 0.2449) | 0.051 | 1.62 |
<9 years old | 10 | 4 | ||||
CRP [mg/L] | 62.32 ± 52.24 | normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 46.9 ± 38.28 | normal (p = 0.17) | 0.41 | 0.34 |
NLR | 8.4 ± 10.94 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 4.41 ± 2.61 | normal (p = 0.02) | 0.22 | 0.5 |
WBC [103/uL] | 12.44 ± 4.21 | normal (p = 0.519) | 9.53 ± 2.91 | normal (p = 0.81) | 0.54 | 0.8 |
D-Dimer [ng/mL] | 1835.23 ± 3278.65 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 673.36 ± 513.75 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 0.22 | 0.5 |
Prealbumin [g/L] | 0.125 ± 0.02 | normal (p = 0.58) | 0.14 ± 0.03 | normal (p = 0.48) | 0.11 | 0.59 |
Study Variables | Deciduous Teeth (n = 15) | Shapiro–Wilk Test | Permanent Teeth (n = 12) | Shapiro–Wilk Test | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 4.4 ± 2.3 | normal (p = 0.03) | 13.75 ± 3.32 | normal (p ≤ 0.01) | <0.01 | 3.27 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 8 (53%) | 6 (50%) | ||||
Female | 7 (47%) | 6 (50%) | ||||
Length of hospitalization | 2.2 ± 1.6 | normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 3.42 ± 2.72 | normal (p = 0.02) | 0.18 | 0.55 |
Source of infection | ||||||
Maxilla | 10(73%) | 3 (25%) | ||||
Mandible | 5 (27%) | 9 ( 75%) | ||||
Symptoms | ||||||
Trismus | 3 (20%) | 12 (100%) | ||||
Extraoral swelling | 9 (60%) | 12 (100%) | ||||
Intraoral swelling | 13 (87%) | 12 (100%) | ||||
Extraoral+ Intraoral swelling | 9 (60%) | 12 (100%) | ||||
Fistula | 3 (20%) | 5 (42%) | ||||
Fever >37.5 °C | 2 (13%) | 5 (42%) | ||||
Dysphagia | 0 | 7 ( 58%) | ||||
Pain | ||||||
≥9 years old (VAS) | 5.0 ± 0 | 6 ± 1.08 | 0.55 | |||
<9 years old | 14 | 0 | normal (p = 0.6) | |||
CRP [mg/L] | 38.09 ± 25.48 | normal (p = 0.03) | 74.62 ± 56.98 | normal (p = 0.22) | 0.04 | 0.83 |
NLR | 3.38 ± 1.54 | normal (p = 0.12) | 10.03 ± 10.91 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 0.03 | 0.85 |
WBC [103/uL] | 10.68 ± 3.1 | normal (p = 0.35) | 11.24 ± 4.65 | normal (p = 0.32) | 0.72 | 0.14 |
D-Dimer [ng/mL] | 639.93 ± 365.71 | normal (p = 0.07) | 1973.83 ± 3399.4 | non-normal (p ≤ 0.01) | 0.16 | 0.55 |
Prealbumin [g/L] | 0.132 ± 0.025 | normal (p = 0.07) | 0.137 ± 0.031 | normal (p = 0.5) | 0.63 | 0.18 |
G+ | Bacterial Strain | Cultured Bacteria |
---|---|---|
Anaerobes (strict, facultative) | ||
Actinomyces odontolitycus | 1 (2.1%) | |
Actinomyces oris | 2 (4.2%) | |
Actinomyces naeslundi | 3 (6.4%) | |
Corynebacterium accolens | 1 (2.1%) | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus | 1 (2.1%) | |
Streptococcus anginosus | 3 (6.4%) | |
Streptococcus consellatus | 2 (4.2%) | |
Streptococcus gordoni | 1 (2.1%) | |
Streptococcus mitis | 3 (6.4%) | |
Streptococcus sanguinis | 2 (4.2%) | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 4 (8.5%) | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 3 (6.4%) | |
Staphylococcus capitis | 1 (2.1%) | |
Rothia dcentocariosa | 1 (2.1%) | |
Rothia mucilaginosa | 1 (2.1%) | |
Sum | 29 (62%) |
G- | Bacterial Strain | Cultured Bacteria |
---|---|---|
Anaerobes (strict, facultative) | ||
Escherichia coli | 2 (4.2%) | |
Eikenella corrodens | 1 (2.1%) | |
Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 3 (6.4%) | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 2 (4.2%) | |
Aerobes | ||
Neisseria cinerea | 1 (2.1%) | |
Neisseria elongata | 1 (2.1%) | |
Neisseria macacae | 2 (4.2%) | |
Neisseria oralis | 1 (2.1%) | |
Neisseria subflava | 5 (10.6%) | |
Sum | 18 (38%) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk, A.; Orzechowska-Wylęgała, B.; Latusek, K.; Roszkowska, A.M. Analysis of the Clinical Status and Treatment of Facial Cellulitis of Odontogenic Origin in Pediatric Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064874
Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk A, Orzechowska-Wylęgała B, Latusek K, Roszkowska AM. Analysis of the Clinical Status and Treatment of Facial Cellulitis of Odontogenic Origin in Pediatric Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064874
Chicago/Turabian StyleSłotwińska-Pawlaczyk, Adrianna, Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała, Katarzyna Latusek, and Anna Maria Roszkowska. 2023. "Analysis of the Clinical Status and Treatment of Facial Cellulitis of Odontogenic Origin in Pediatric Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064874