Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Cross-Sectional Study
2.1.1. Participants and Procedure
2.1.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.2. Roadside Observational Study
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Study
3.1.1. Demographic Characteristics of EB Riders
3.1.2. EB Riders’ Knowledge of Road Safety Regulations
3.1.3. Riding Behavior Characteristics of EB Riders
3.1.4. Multifactorial Logistic Analysis of Risk Factors for ERTIs
3.2. Roadside Observation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variables | Total (n = 2412) | Injured Cyclists (n = 116) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 27.777 | <0.001 | ||
Male | 853 (35.36) | 65 (65.03) | ||
Female | 1559 (64.64) | 51 (43.97) | ||
Age | 63.790 | <0.001 | ||
11~ | 762 (31.59) | 75 (64.66) | ||
16~25 | 523 (21.68) | 12 (10.34) | ||
26~35 | 656 (27.20) | 22 (18.97) | ||
36~ | 471 (19.53) | 7 (6.03) | ||
Participant | 28.227 | <0.001 | ||
Parent | 1141 (47.31) | 27 (23.28) | ||
Student | 1271 (52.69) | 89 (76.72) | ||
Investigated Area | 2.318 | 0.128 | ||
Urban | 1452 (60.20) | 62 (53.45) | ||
Suburb | 960 (39.80) | 54 (46.55) | ||
Educational Level | 34.710 | <0.001 | ||
Elementary or below | 126 (5.22) | 7 (6.03) | ||
Middle school | 931 (38.60) | 73 (62.93) | ||
High school | 745 (30.89) | 24 (20.69) | ||
College or bachelor’s | 542 (22.47) | 9 (7.76) | ||
Master’s or above | 68 (2.82) | 3 (2.59) |
Items | The Correct | The Injured | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The speed of EBs should be lower than 25 km/h. | 495 (20.52) | 19 (3.84) | 8.061 | 0.089 |
EB riders should wear a safety helmet. | 513 (21.26) | 35 (6.82) | 5.769 | 0.016 |
Adult EB riders can only carry a child under the age of 12. | 915 (37.93) | 35 (3.83) | 6.954 | 0.138 |
EB riders must be at least 16 years old. | 995 (41.25) | 47 (4.72) | 11.870 | 0.018 |
EB riders should not use their cell phones while riding. | 1942 (80.51) | 86 (4.43) | 3.158 | 0.076 |
EB riders should not ride with an umbrella on a rainy day. | 2230 (92.45) | 97 (4.35) | 13.631 | <0.001 |
EBs should not be ridden on the sidewalk. | 2249 (93.24) | 103 (4.58) | 3.828 | 0.050 |
EB riders should not ride in the opposite direction. | 2250 (93.28) | 99 (4.40) | 20.790 | <0.001 |
EB riders should not ride after drinking. | 2273 (94.23) | 103 (4.53) | 6.650 | 0.010 |
EBs should not be ridden on the motorway. | 2305 (95.56) | 106 (4.60) | 5.033 | 0.025 |
Riding Behavior | Total | Injured Cyclists | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emergency braking | 28.249 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 684 (28.36) | 20 (17.24) | ||
Sometimes | 1505 (62.40) | 70 (60.34) | ||
Always | 223 (9.25) | 26 (22.41) | ||
Honking the horn while riding | 66.086 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1150 (47.68) | 26 (22.41) | ||
Sometimes | 1087 (45.07) | 62 (53.45) | ||
Always | 175 (7.26) | 28 (24.14) | ||
Riding after drinking alcohol | 35.608 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 2210 (91.63) | 94 (81.03) | ||
Sometimes | 171 (7.09) | 14 (14.07) | ||
Always | 31 (1.29) | 8 (6.90) | ||
Wearing a safety helmet while riding | 16.946 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 404 (16.75) | 16 (13.79) | ||
Sometimes | 608 (25.21) | 48 (41.38) | ||
Always | 1400 (58.04) | 52 (44.83) | ||
Hanging or placing heavy objects | 4.451 | 0.108 | ||
Never | 1028 (42.62) | 39 (33.62) | ||
Sometimes | 1233 (51.12) | 67 (57.76) | ||
Always | 151 (6.26) | 10 (8.62) | ||
Carrying people on bicycles | 17.265 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 753 (31.22) | 32 (27.59) | ||
Sometimes | 1185 (49.13) | 44 (37.93) | ||
Always | 474 (19.65) | 40 (34.48) | ||
Retrograde | 104.454 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1713 (71.02) | 45 (38.79) | ||
Sometimes | 667 (27.65) | 60 (51.72) | ||
Always | 32 (1.33) | 11 (9.48) | ||
Failure to obey traffic signals | 53.281 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1980 (82.09) | 69 (59.48) | ||
Sometimes | 402 (16.67) | 40 (34.48) | ||
Always | 30 (1.24) | 7 (6.03) | ||
One hand off the handlebars | 28.363 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1713 (71.02) | 63 (54.31) | ||
Sometimes | 639 (26.49) | 43 (37.07) | ||
Always | 60 (2.49) | 10 (8.62) | ||
Wear headphones and play music while riding | 49.301 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 153 (6.34) | 16 (13.79) | ||
Sometimes | 2018 (83.67) | 70 (60.34) | ||
Always | 241 (9.99) | 30 (25.86) | ||
Chasing and jostling with other vehicles or pedestrians | 43.319 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 2109 (87.44) | 79 (68.10) | ||
Sometimes | 223 (9.25) | 25 (21.55) | ||
Always | 80 (3.32) | 12 (10.34) | ||
Phone calls while riding | 31.089 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1728 (71.64) | 58 (50.00) | ||
Sometimes | 583 (24.17) | 46 (39.66) | ||
Always | 101 (4.19) | 12 (10.34) | ||
Performing stunts such as rocking cars | 11.991 | 0.002 | ||
Never | 1857 (76.99) | 74 (63.79) | ||
Sometimes | 347 (14.39) | 26 (22.41) | ||
Always | 208 (8.62) | 16 (13.79) | ||
Discovered vehicle failure and continued riding | 68.137 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 2165 (89.76) | 78 (67.24) | ||
Sometimes | 159 (6.59) | 26 (22.41) | ||
Always | 88 (3.65) | 12 (10.34) | ||
Riding on the motorway | 65.812 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1305 (54.10) | 41 (35.34) | ||
Sometimes | 913 (37.85) | 43 (37.07) | ||
Always | 194 (8.04) | 32 (27.59) | ||
Riding on the sidewalk | 28.633 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1150 (47.66) | 39 (33.62) | ||
Sometimes | 1077 (44.65) | 54 (46.55) | ||
Always | 185 (7.67) | 23 (19.83) | ||
Myopia but riding without glasses | 50.812 | <0.001 | ||
Never | 1939 (80.39) | 65 (56.03) | ||
Sometimes | 397 (16.46) | 39 (33.62) | ||
Always | 76 (3.15) | 12 (10.34) |
Risk Factors | β | OR | OR 95%CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 1000 | ||||
Female | −0.714 | 11.259 | 0.490 | 0.323–0.743 | <0.001 |
Age | |||||
11~ | 1.000 | ||||
16~25 | −1475 | 20.714 | 0.229 | 0.121–0.432 | <0.001 |
26~35 | −0.965 | 11.861 | 0.381 | 0.220–0.660 | 0.001 |
36~ | −865 | 20.053 | 0.155 | 0.068–0.350 | <0.001 |
Honking the horn while riding | 0.697 | 8.177 | 2.009 | 1.245–3.240 | 0.004 |
Retrograde | 1.437 | 35.912 | 4.210 | 2.631–6.737 | <0.001 |
Discovered vehicle failure and continued riding | 0.698 | 6.765 | 2.010 | 1.188–3.402 | 0.009 |
Variable | Number | Retrograde | Ignoring Signal | Sidewalk Riding | Answering Phone | Reading Phone |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types of EB | ||||||
PEB | 14,144 | 698 (4.93) | 872 (6.17) | 4417 (31.23) | 528 (3.73) | 1212 (8.57) |
SEB | 20,410 | 865 (4.24) | 1055 (5.17) | 5260 (25.77) | 637 (3.12) | 1416 (6.94) |
9.393 | 15.743 | 123.396 | 9.605 | 31.635 | ||
p-Value | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
Traffic Police | ||||||
Yes | 8394 | 147 (1.75) | 122 (1.45) | 1941 (23.12) | 122 (1.45) | 484 (5.77) |
No | 25,942 | 1416 (5.46) | 1805 (6.96) | 7736 (29.82) | 1043 (4.02) | 2144 (8.26) |
200.591 | 362.741 | 140.517 | 127.503 | 56.016 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Period | ||||||
8:00–9:00 | 9473 | 350 (3.69) | 510 (5.38) | 2844 (30.02) | 164 (1.73) | 494 (5.21) |
11:30–12:30 | 7873 | 378 (4.80) | 317 (4.03) | 2289 (29.07) | 360 (4.57) | 888 (11.28) |
14:00–15:00 | 7158 | 276 (3.86) | 445 (6.22) | 1715 (23.96) | 191 (2.67) | 446 (6.23) |
17:30–18:30 | 9832 | 559 (5.69) | 655 (6.66) | 2829 (28.77) | 450 (4.58) | 800 (8.14) |
54.209 | 63.700 | 83.706 | 166.737 | 249.873 | ||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Total | 34,554 | 1563 (4.52) | 1927 (5.58) | 9677 (28.01) | 1165 (3.37) | 2628 (7.61) |
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Huang, J.; Song, Z.; Xie, L.; Lin, Z.; Li, L. Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075352
Huang J, Song Z, Xie L, Lin Z, Li L. Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075352
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Jiayu, Ziyi Song, Linlin Xie, Zeting Lin, and Liping Li. 2023. "Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075352
APA StyleHuang, J., Song, Z., Xie, L., Lin, Z., & Li, L. (2023). Analysis of Risky Riding Behavior Characteristics of the Related Road Traffic Injuries of Electric Bicycle Riders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075352