Going beyond Mindfulness: How Concentration and Tranquility Commonly Co-Arising with Mindfulness Account for Mental Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analyses
2.4.1. Exploratory Factor Analyses
2.4.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
2.4.3. Study of Test-Retest Reliability and Construct Validity
2.4.4. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis on Cross-Sectional Data
2.4.5. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis on Longitudinal Data
3. Results
3.1. Scale Validation
3.1.1. Exploratory Factor Analyses
3.1.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
3.1.3. Study of Test-Retest Reliability and Construct Validity
3.2. Study of Incremental Value over Mindfulness on Mental Health
3.2.1. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses on Cross-Sectional Data
3.2.2. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses on Longitudinal Data
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Factor Loadings |
---|---|
Concentration Scale | |
1. When listening to a person speaking, I am not distracted by things going on around me (e.g., noise). | 0.73 |
2. When doing a task, I stay focused on what I am doing. | 0.64 |
3. When doing a task, I am not distracted by things going on around me (e.g., noise). | 0.78 |
4. When listening to a person speaking, I stay focused on listening. | 0.66 |
Tranquility Scale | |
1. When I face unpleasant encounter, I cannot calm myself down. (Reversed Question) | 0.50 |
2. I can stabilize my emotion to create a feeling of calmness. | 0.77 |
3. When I face unpredictable future outcomes, I can calm myself down. | 0.71 |
4. I feel calm and at ease. | 0.67 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration and related concept | ||||||||
1. Concentration | - | 0.58 | 0.55 | −0.36 | 0.50 | 0.36 | −0.41 | −0.34 |
2. Attentional control | - | 0.40 | −0.29 | 0.47 | 0.28 | −0.32 | −0.27 | |
Tranquility and related concept | ||||||||
3. Tranquility | - | −0.41 | 0.40 | 0.64 | −0.53 | −0.47 | ||
4. Irritability | - | −0.22 | −0.34 | 0.57 | 0.50 | |||
Mindfulness and related concept | ||||||||
5. Mindfulness | - | 0.26 | −0.35 | −0.25 | ||||
6. Nonattachment | - | −0.53 | −0.46 | |||||
Mental health indicators | ||||||||
7. Perceived stress | - | 0.73 | ||||||
8. Psychological distress | - | |||||||
Mean | 3.98 | 2.56 | 3.70 | 2.57 | 3.08 | 3.71 | 3.11 | 2.52 |
Standard Deviation | 0.83 | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.71 |
Outcome Variables | First Analysis | Second Analysis | Third Analysis | Fourth Analysis | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MF β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | CON β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | TRAN β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | CON β | TRAN β | R2 | ΔR2 | |
Perceived stress | −0.34 *** | 0.12 | 0.11 *** | −0.17 ** | −0.33 *** | 0.19 | 0.08 *** | −0.14 ** | −0.48 *** | 0.31 | 0.19 *** | −0.09 | −0.13 * | −0.43 *** | 0.32 | 0.20 *** |
Psychological distress | −0.23 *** | 0.07 | 0.05 *** | −0.08 | −0.30 *** | 0.13 | 0.06 *** | −0.03 | −0.47 *** | 0.26 | 0.18 *** | −0.00 | −0.09 | −0.43 *** | 0.26 | 0.19 *** |
T2 Outcome Variables | First Analysis | Second Analysis | Third Analysis | Fourth Analysis | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 OV β | MF β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | CON β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | TRAN β | R2 | ΔR2 | MF β | CON β | TRAN β | R2 | ΔR2 | |
Perceived stress | 0.73 *** | −0.01 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.22 *** | 0.60 | 0.03 *** | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.23 *** | 0.60 | 0.03 *** |
Psychological distress | 0.77 *** | −0.03 | 0.60 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.13 * | 0.61 | 0.01 * | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.12 * | 0.61 | 0.01 * |
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Chan, R.M.K.; Mak, W.W.S.; Yu, B.C.L. Going beyond Mindfulness: How Concentration and Tranquility Commonly Co-Arising with Mindfulness Account for Mental Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085470
Chan RMK, Mak WWS, Yu BCL. Going beyond Mindfulness: How Concentration and Tranquility Commonly Co-Arising with Mindfulness Account for Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085470
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Ryan M. K., Winnie W. S. Mak, and Ben C. L. Yu. 2023. "Going beyond Mindfulness: How Concentration and Tranquility Commonly Co-Arising with Mindfulness Account for Mental Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085470