From Conflict to Balance: Challenges for Dual-Earner Families Managing Technostress and Work Exhaustion in the Post-Pandemic Scenario
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. WF Conflict, WF Balance, and Work Exhaustion
2.2. Technostress and Work–Family Dynamics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Procedure and Participants
3.2. Measures
- Technostress. The Technostress Creators Scale [11], validated in Italy by Molino and colleagues [16], was used to assess this variable. The instrument aims to investigate the stress caused by technology. It consists of eleven items for three sub-scales: four items of techno-overload, describing the compelling load of working faster and longer because of technology (e.g., “I am forced by technology to do more work than I can handle”); three items of techno-invasion, related to the perception that technologies may invade all areas of life (e.g., “I feel my personal life is being invaded by this technology”); and four items of techno-complexity, referring to the feeling of inadequacy in using technologies (e.g., “I often find it too complex for me to understand and use new technologies”). Participants were invited to use a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). In our sample, Cronbach’s α for overload, invasion, and complexity was 0.94, 0.79, and 0.92, respectively;
- Work–family conflict. A short version of Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams’s [34] scale, validated by Matthews and colleagues [72], was used to assess this variable. The scale consists of three items describing time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based conflicts between work and family domains (e.g., “I have to miss family activities due to the amount of time I must spend on work responsibilities”). Items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). In the present study, Cronbach’s α was 0.94;
- Work–family balance. This variable was investigated by the Italian version of the Work–Family Balance scale [42], validated by Landolfi and Lo Presti [44]. The scale assesses the extent to which an individual can accomplish work and family role expectations. It consists of six items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) (e.g., “I am able to negotiate and accomplish what is expected of me at work and in my family”). In our study, Cronbach’s α was 0.93;
- Work exhaustion. This variable was assessed through five items taken from the emotional exhaustion scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey [73]. It concerns feelings of being emotionally drained, frustrated, and exhausted by work. Participants were asked to express the occurrence of each item in their ordinary work experience using a 6-point scale from 1 (never) to 6 (everyday) (e.g., “I feel emotionally drained from my work”). In the present study, Cronbach’s α was 0.87;
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Preliminary Analyses
4.2. SEM Analysis
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Strengths, Limitations, and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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M | SD | Skew | Kurt | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Technostress (1–5) | 2.45 | 0.97 | 0.55 | −0.26 | — | |||||
2. WF conflict (1–5) | 3.34 | 1.25 | −0.36 | −0.90 | 0.30 *** | — | ||||
3. WF balance (1–5) | 4.16 | 0.73 | −0.72 | 0.10 | −0.19 *** | −0.28 *** | — | |||
4. Work exhaustion (1–6) | 2.39 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.15 ** | 0.21 *** | −0.33 *** | — | ||
5. Age | 41.56 | 8.55 | 0.16 | −0.49 | 0.19 *** | 0.05 | −0.08 | 0.05 | — | |
6. Gender | — | — | — | — | −0.06 | −0.31 *** | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.15 ** | — |
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Gemmano, C.G.; Manuti, A.; Girardi, S.; Balenzano, C. From Conflict to Balance: Challenges for Dual-Earner Families Managing Technostress and Work Exhaustion in the Post-Pandemic Scenario. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085558
Gemmano CG, Manuti A, Girardi S, Balenzano C. From Conflict to Balance: Challenges for Dual-Earner Families Managing Technostress and Work Exhaustion in the Post-Pandemic Scenario. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085558
Chicago/Turabian StyleGemmano, Cataldo Giuliano, Amelia Manuti, Sabrina Girardi, and Caterina Balenzano. 2023. "From Conflict to Balance: Challenges for Dual-Earner Families Managing Technostress and Work Exhaustion in the Post-Pandemic Scenario" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085558