Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Correlation with Psychological Distress after Hurricane Hazards in Puerto Rico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.2. Direct Effects of Hurricane Hazards on Psychological Distress
3.2.1. Measurement Model
3.2.2. Discriminant Validity Assessment of Constructs Using the Fornell–Larcker Criterion
3.2.3. Discriminant Validity Evaluation Using the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)
3.2.4. Results of Structural Model: Explained Variance, Effect Sizes, Predictive Relevance, and Multicollinearity Assessment
3.2.5. Direct Effects of Predictor Variables on Anxiety and Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Hurricane Hazards Inventory
In the Past Three Months, How Much Were You Bothered by | Not at All | A Little Bit | Moderately | Quite a Bit | Extremely |
1. No electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
2. No water | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
3. Lack of food | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
4. Lack of food security | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
5. Difficulty accessing roads | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
6. Long lines at gas stations | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
7. Traffic jam | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
8. Difficulties in communications | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
9. Loss of a loved one | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
10. Employment lay-off or reduction in labor hours | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
11. Lack of personal space | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
12. Lack of social support | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
13. Family separation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
14. Loss of vehicle | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
15. Loss of security for my children and family | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
16. Cost of generator maintenance (gas or diesel, oil) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
17. Cost of generators acquisition | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
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Variables | f (%), |
---|---|
Gender Female Male | 199 (78.7) 54 (21.3) |
Age, median (interquartile range) Education Level Less than High School High School or higher Marital Status Married/Consensual Union Not Married Employment Status Employed Unemployed Retired/Disabled Other Cancer Diagnosis Yes No | 58.0 (50.0–66.0) 21 (9.3) 197 (90.7) 125 (55.8) 99 (44.2) 61 (23.5) 43 (16.5) 100 (38.5) 17 (6.5) 130 (50.0) 130 (50.0) |
Items | Factor Loadings | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
1. No electricity | 0.802 | ||
2. No water | 0.842 | ||
3. Lack of food | 0.707 | ||
4. Lack of food security | 0.814 | ||
5. Difficulty accessing roads | 0.682 | ||
6. Long lines at gas stations | 0.788 | ||
7. Traffic jam | 0.620 | ||
8. Difficulties with communication | 0.787 | ||
9. Loss of a loved one | 0.475 | ||
10. Employment lay-off or reduction in labor hours | 0.497 | ||
11. Lack of personal space | 0.394 | ||
12. Lack of social support | 0.812 | ||
13. Family separation | 0.755 | ||
14. Loss of vehicle | 0.634 | ||
15. Loss of security for children and family | 0.608 | ||
16. Cost of generator maintenance (gas or diesel, oil) | 0.707 | ||
17. Cost of generators acquisition | 0.658 |
Scale | Item | Outer Loading | AVE | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary Hazards | HHI_1 | 0.753 | 0.651 | 0.924 | 0.937 |
HHI_4 | 0.847 | ||||
HHI_5 | 0.818 | ||||
HHI_6 | 0.844 | ||||
HHI_9 | 0.811 | ||||
HHI_13 | 0.810 | ||||
HHI_14 | 0.775 | ||||
HHI_16 | 0.790 | ||||
Tertiary Hazards | HHI_3 | 0.589 | 0.537 | 0.823 | 0.873 |
HHI_19 | 0.659 | ||||
HHI_20 | 0.846 | ||||
HHI_21 | 0.803 | ||||
HHI_22 | 0.686 | ||||
HHI_23 | 0.782 | ||||
Anxiety | GAD-7_1 | 0.854 | 0.694 | 0.912 | 0.932 |
GAD-7_2 | 0.846 | ||||
GAD-7_3 | 0.829 | ||||
GAD-7_4 | 0.856 | ||||
GAD-7_5 | 0.815 | ||||
GAD-7_7 | 0.797 | ||||
Depression | PHQ-8_1 | 0.824 | 0.641 | 0.859 | 0.899 |
PHQ-8_2 | 0.868 | ||||
PHQ-8_3 | 0.740 | ||||
PHQ-8_4 | 0.818 | ||||
PHQ-8_7 | 0.743 |
Scale | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Secondary Hazards | (0.81) | |||
2. | Tertiary Hazards | 0.563 | (0.73) | ||
3. | Anxiety | 0.312 | 0.471 | (0.83) | |
4. | Depression | 0.209 | 0.397 | 0.209 | (0.80) |
Scale | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Secondary Hazards | ||||
2 | Tertiary Hazards | 0.64 [0.526; 0.733] | |||
3 | Anxiety | 0.33 [0.193; 0.452] | 0.54 [0.408; 0.656] | ||
4 | Depression | 0.21 [0.124; 0.356] | 0.47 [0.329; 0.605] | 0.89 [0.841; 0.947] |
Latent Variable | R2 | R2 Adj. | Effect Size (f2) | Q2 | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anx | Dep | |||||
Sex | 0.019 | 0.010 | 1.042 | |||
Age | 0.003 | 0.012 | 1.095 | |||
Cancer Status | 0.050 | 0.060 | 1.098 | |||
Secondary Hazard | 0.009 | 0.002 | 1.203 | |||
Tertiary Hazard | 0.141 | 0.098 | 1.617 | |||
SH * Days | 0.000 | 0.001 | 1.675 | |||
TH * Days | 0.000 | 0.001 | 1.664 | |||
CS * Days | 0.002 | 0.009 | 1.042 | |||
Anxiety | 0.281 | 0.254 | 0.181 | |||
Depression | 0.229 | 0.201 | 0.134 |
Hypothesis | Beta | SE | t-Value | p-Value | CIBC | Decision | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5% | 97.5% | |||||||
H1a: | Sex→Anx | −0.121 * | 0.051 | 2.346 | 0.019 | −0.220 | −0.017 | Supported |
H1b: | Sex→Dep | −0.089 | 0.059 | 1.499 | 0.134 | −0.200 | 0.032 | Not Supported |
H2a: | Age→Anx | −0.05 | 0.057 | 0.873 | 0.383 | −0.162 | 0.059 | Not Supported |
H2b: | Age→Dep | −0.100 | 0.057 | 1.756 | 0.079 | −0.212 | 0.010 | Not Supported |
H3a: | CS→Anx | 0.198 * | 0.057 | 3.485 | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.310 | Supported |
H3b: | CS→Dep | 0.226 * | 0.059 | 3.86 | <0.001 | 0.110 | 0.335 | Supported |
H4a: | Days→Anx | 0.021 | 0.056 | 0.378 | 0.706 | −0.090 | 0.126 | Not Supported |
H4b: | Days→Dep | 0.074 | 0.060 | 1.239 | 0.215 | −0.047 | 0.188 | Not Supported |
H5a: | SH→Anx | 0.103 | 0.076 | 1.35 | 0.177 | −0.048 | 0.251 | Not Supported |
H5b: | SH→Dep | 0.052 | 0.084 | 0.619 | 0.536 | −0.114 | 0.213 | Not Supported |
H6a: | TH→Anx | 0.405 * | 0.079 | 5.139 | <0.001 | 0.244 | 0.554 | Supported |
H6b: | TH→Dep | 0.349 * | 0.083 | 4.191 | <0.001 | 0.173 | 0.501 | Supported |
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Hernández-Torres, R.; Rodríguez-Rabassa, M.; Rosario, L.P.; Peña-Vargas, C.; Rodríguez-Castro, Z.; Flores, I.; Cartujano-Barrera, F.; Costas-Muñíz, R.; Tollinchi-Natali, N.; Torres-Marrero, E.; et al. Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Correlation with Psychological Distress after Hurricane Hazards in Puerto Rico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101267
Hernández-Torres R, Rodríguez-Rabassa M, Rosario LP, Peña-Vargas C, Rodríguez-Castro Z, Flores I, Cartujano-Barrera F, Costas-Muñíz R, Tollinchi-Natali N, Torres-Marrero E, et al. Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Correlation with Psychological Distress after Hurricane Hazards in Puerto Rico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(10):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101267
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Torres, Ruthmarie, Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa, Lianel P. Rosario, Cristina Peña-Vargas, Zindie Rodríguez-Castro, Idhaliz Flores, Francisco Cartujano-Barrera, Rosario Costas-Muñíz, Nelmit Tollinchi-Natali, Estefania Torres-Marrero, and et al. 2024. "Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Correlation with Psychological Distress after Hurricane Hazards in Puerto Rico" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 10: 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101267