Cognitive Job Demands and Sports Participation among Young Workers: What Moderates the Relationship?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1. The Generalisation Mechanism
2.2. The Compensation Mechanism
2.3. Moderation of the Cognitive Job Demands and Sports Participation Relationship
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Measurements
3.2. Analytical Strategy
4. Results
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories of Weekly Sports Frequency | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | None (N = 794) | One to Three (N = 753) | More Than Three (N = 485) | |||||||
Range | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||
Cognitive job demands | 0 | 3 | 1.352 | 0.504 | 1.352 | 0.512 | 1.360 | 0.495 | 1.423 | 0.500 |
Years of education (6 years = 0) | 0 | 10.5 | 8.548 | 2.336 | 7.865 | 2.595 | 9.069 | 1.933 | 8.9 | 2.151 |
Being a parent (=1) | 0 | 1 | 0.285 | 0.338 | 0.285 | 0.197 | ||||
Control over worktime and work location | 0 | 3 | 1.482 | 1.055 | 1.281 | 1.051 | 1.596 | 1.046 | 1.646 | 1.024 |
Male (=1) | 0 | 1 | 0.558 | 0.555 | 0.530 | 0.606 | ||||
Age (18 years old = 0) | 0 | 21 | 13.204 | 4.702 | 13.749 | 4.71 | 12.939 | 4.650 | 12.699 | 4.685 |
Hampered by health (=1) | 0 | 1 | 0.276 | 0.296 | 0.284 | 0.230 | ||||
Cohabiting with a partner (=1) | 0 | 1 | 0.574 | 0.610 | 0.600 | 0.478 | ||||
Working hours (20 h = 0) | 0 | 30 | 17.061 | 6.994 | 16.742 | 7.440 | 16.646 | 6.597 | 18.206 | 6.692 |
Permanent contract (=1) | 0 | 1 | 0.707 | 0.721 | 0.693 | 0.703 | ||||
Physical labour | 0 | 3 | 0.793 | 0.749 | 0.939 | 0.791 | 0.704 | 0.687 | 0.682 | 0.727 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | ||||
One to three weekly sports events | |||||||||
Cognitive job demands | 0.055 | 0.102 | 0.055 | 0.108 | −0.063 | 0.111 | |||
Years of education | 0.201 | *** | 0.027 | ||||||
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.132 | 0.140 | |||||||
Control over worktime and work location | 0.102 | 0.062 | |||||||
Male (female = ref.) | −0.106 | 0.112 | −0.058 | 0.114 | |||||
Age | −0.041 | *** | 0.012 | −0.036 | ** | 0.013 | |||
Hampered by health (no = ref.) | −0.060 | 0.116 | 0.020 | 0.118 | |||||
Cohabiting with a partner (no = ref.) | 0.023 | 0.109 | 0.029 | 0.121 | |||||
Working hours | −0.003 | 0.008 | −0.009 | 0.008 | |||||
Permanent contract (no = ref.) | −0.050 | 0.117 | 0.033 | 0.119 | |||||
Physical labour | −0.437 | *** | 0.070 | −0.102 | 0.090 | ||||
Intercept | −0.181 | 0.148 | 0.864 | *** | 0.251 | −1.134 | ** | 0.355 | |
More than three weekly sports events | |||||||||
Cognitive job demands | 0.280 | * | 0.113 | 0.280 | * | 0.121 | 0.197 | 0.123 | |
Years of education | 0.128 | *** | 0.029 | ||||||
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.352 | * | 0.166 | ||||||
Control over worktime and work location | 0.157 | * | 0.070 | ||||||
Male (female = ref.) | 0.086 | 0.127 | 0.116 | 0.129 | |||||
Age | −0.048 | *** | 0.013 | −0.037 | ** | 0.014 | |||
Hampered by health (no = ref.) | −0.348 | * | 0.136 | −0.294 | * | 0.138 | |||
Cohabiting with a partner (no = ref.) | −0.437 | *** | 0.120 | −0.352 | ** | 0.133 | |||
Working hours | 0.020 | * | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.010 | ||||
Permanent contract (no = ref.) | 0.021 | 0.133 | 0.084 | 0.134 | |||||
Physical labour | −0.453 | *** | 0.081 | −0.150 | 0.102 | ||||
Intercept | −0.890 | *** | 0.168 | 0.026 | 0.283 | −1.453 | *** | 0.397 |
Model 4a | Model 4b | Model 4c | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | ||||
One to three weekly sports events | |||||||||
Cognitive job demands | 0.814 | * | 0.412 | −0.027 | 0.131 | −0.031 | 0.185 | ||
Years of education | 0.335 | *** | 0.067 | 0.200 | *** | 0.027 | 0.200 | *** | 0.027 |
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.127 | 0.140 | 0.006 | 0.349 | −0.131 | 0.140 | |||
Control over worktime and work location | 0.092 | 0.063 | 0.103 | 0.062 | 0.136 | 0.148 | |||
Cognitive job demands * | |||||||||
Years of education | −0.102 | * | 0.046 | ||||||
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.103 | 0.235 | |||||||
Control over worktime and work location | −0.026 | 0.101 | |||||||
Intercept | −2.226 | *** | 0.615 | −1.179 | ** | 0.364 | −1.170 | ** | 0.392 |
More than three weekly sports events | |||||||||
Cognitive job demands | 0.606 | 0.448 | 0.362 | ** | 0.140 | 0.334 | 0.209 | ||
Years of education | 0.195 | ** | 0.074 | 0.128 | *** | 0.029 | 0.125 | *** | 0.030 |
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.347 | * | 0.166 | 0.695 | 0.417 | −0.346 | * | 0.166 | |
Control over worktime and work location | 0.151 | * | 0.071 | 0.165 | * | 0.071 | 0.282 | 0.168 | |
Cognitive job demands * | |||||||||
Years of education | −0.051 | 0.050 | |||||||
Being a parent (no = ref.) | −0.772 | ** | 0.288 | ||||||
Control over worktime and work location | −0.091 | 0.112 | |||||||
Intercept | −1.959 | ** | 0.680 | −1.674 | *** | 0.407 | −1.612 | *** | 0.443 |
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Wiertsema, S.; Kraaykamp, G.; Beckers, D. Cognitive Job Demands and Sports Participation among Young Workers: What Moderates the Relationship? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020144
Wiertsema S, Kraaykamp G, Beckers D. Cognitive Job Demands and Sports Participation among Young Workers: What Moderates the Relationship? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(2):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020144
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiertsema, Sara, Gerbert Kraaykamp, and Debby Beckers. 2024. "Cognitive Job Demands and Sports Participation among Young Workers: What Moderates the Relationship?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 2: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020144