Primary Health Care and Tuberculosis Detection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crucial Actions for Intensifying Efforts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Setting
2.3. Study Population and Sampling Design
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Type of unit | |||
Family Health Unit | 43 | 53.8 | |
Traditional Basic Unit | 26 | 32.5 | |
Mixed Unit | 10 | 12.5 | |
Other | 1 | 1.3 | |
Change in the organization of the physical space of the unit | |||
2020 | Yes | 78 | 97.5 |
2021 | Yes | 77 | 96.3 |
2022 | Yes | 72 | 90 |
Change in the work process | |||
2020 | No change | 0 | 0 |
Low | 1 | 1.2 | |
Moderate | 8 | 10.1 | |
High | 71 | 88.9 | |
2021 | No change | 0 | 0 |
Low | 1 | 1.2 | |
Moderate | 22 | 27.6 | |
High | 57 | 71.3 | |
2022 | No change | 6 | 7.5 |
Low | 9 | 11.4 | |
Moderate | 39 | 48.8 | |
High | 26 | 32.6 | |
Increase in professionals’ working hours | |||
2020 | Yes | 63 | 78.8 |
2021 | Yes | 62 | 77.5 |
2022 | Yes | 39 | 48.8 |
Offer of telemonitoring for individuals with tuberculosis | |||
Yes | 44 | 55 | |
Reduction in the frequency of consultations for people with signs and symptoms of tuberculosis | |||
Yes | 12 | 15 | |
Offering remote consultation care for people with signs and symptoms of tuberculosis | |||
Yes | 7 | 8.8 | |
Scheduling appointments for people with signs and symptoms of tuberculosis | |||
Yes | 2 | 2.5 | |
Increased notification of new tuberculosis cases | |||
Yes | 1 | 1.3 | |
Failure to report tuberculosis cases | |||
Yes | 2 | 2.5 | |
Increase in the notification time for tuberculosis cases | |||
Yes | 4 | 5 |
Variable | No Change | Low Level | Moderate Level | High Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(0) | (1–3) | (4–7) | (8–10) | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Change in the provision of consultations for individuals with signs and symptoms of TB | 2020 | 58 | 72.5 | 3 | 3.8 | 11 | 13.8 | 8 | 10 |
2021 | 58 | 72.5 | 5 | 6.3 | 12 | 15.1 | 5 | 6.3 | |
2022 | 70 | 87.5 | 5 | 6.3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1.3 | |
Change in the request for sputum examinations for diagnosis | 2020 | 63 | 78.8 | 1 | 1.3 | 11 | 13.8 | 5 | 6.3 |
2021 | 63 | 78.8 | 7 | 8.8 | 6 | 7.5 | 4 | 5 | |
2022 | 71 | 88.8 | 5 | 6.3 | 3 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.3 | |
Change in the request for chest X-rays for diagnosis | 2020 | 66 | 82.5 | 1 | 1.3 | 10 | 12.5 | 3 | 3.8 |
2021 | 66 | 82.5 | 3 | 3.8 | 9 | 11.3 | 2 | 2.5 | |
2022 | 75 | 93.8 | 2 | 2.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 1 | 1.3 | |
Change in the notification of cases | 2020 | 74 | 92.5 | 1 | 1.3 | 3 | 3.8 | 2 | 2.5 |
2021 | 76 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.3 | |
2022 | 77 | 96.3 | 2 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.3 |
Variable | Years | Regional Health Coordinators | Type of Unit | Changes in Work Processes | Increased Working Hours | Provision of Telemonitoring for TB Care | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (df) | p | F (df) | p | F (df) | p | F (df) | p | F (df) | p | F (df) | p | |
Change in the provision of consultations for individuals with signs and symptoms of TB | 4.6453 (2; 172.2) | 0.011 * | 0.5675 (5; 70.7) | 0.725 | 0.3604 (2; 71.7) | 0.699 | 1.165 (1; 219.2) | 0.282 | 0.0481 (1; 208.7) | 0.827 | 0.04729 (1; 69.28) | 0.828 |
Change in the request for sputum examinations for diagnosis | 2.068 (2; 175.3) | 0.13 | 1.4421 (5; 70) | 0.22 | 0.1196 (2; 71.1) | 0.887 | 2.0712 (1; 224.7) | 0.151 | 0.0171 (1; 218.2) | 0.896 | 0.22211 (1; 68.48) | 0.639 |
Change in the request for chest X-rays for diagnosis | 2.808 (2; 173.7) | 0.063 | 1.262 (5; 70.7) | 0.29 | 0.165 (2; 71.8) | 0.848 | 3.27 (1; 222.1) | 0.072 | 3.984 (1; 212.8) | 0.047 * | 0.1136 (1; 69.27) | 0.737 |
Change in the notification of cases | 4.15 (2; 169.6) | 0.017 * | 0.692 (5; 71.1) | 0.631 | 0.162 (2; 71.9) | 0.851 | 1.261 (1; 211.4) | 0.263 | 0.62 (1; 200) | 0.432 | 0.06993 (1; 69.67) | 0.792 |
Variable | Pairwise Comparison | Mean Difference | Standard Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Years | ||||
Change in the provision of consultations for individuals with signs and symptoms of TB | 2020–2021 | 0.211 | 0.243 | 1 |
2020–2022 | 1.002 | 0.338 | 0.01 * | |
2021–2022 | 0.792 | 0.306 | 0.032 * | |
Change in the notification of cases | 2020–2021 | 0.182 | 0.119 | 0.388 |
2020–2022 | 0.481 | 0.168 | 0.014 * | |
2021–2022 | 0.299 | 0.152 | 0.15 | |
Increased working hours | ||||
Change in the request for chest X-rays for diagnosis | No–Yes | 0.527 | 0.266 | 0.049 * |
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Ribeiro, S.; Takahashi, E.M.; Souza, K.L.d.; Yamamoto, T.T.; Leite, R.R.; Fernandes, H.; Okuno, M.F.P.; Bertolozzi, M.R.; Figueiredo, T.M.R.M.d.; Gonzales, R.I.C.; et al. Primary Health Care and Tuberculosis Detection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crucial Actions for Intensifying Efforts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050540
Ribeiro S, Takahashi EM, Souza KLd, Yamamoto TT, Leite RR, Fernandes H, Okuno MFP, Bertolozzi MR, Figueiredo TMRMd, Gonzales RIC, et al. Primary Health Care and Tuberculosis Detection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crucial Actions for Intensifying Efforts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(5):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050540
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Stephanie, Erika Mayumi Takahashi, Katia Lacerda de Souza, Thais Tiemi Yamamoto, Raquel Russo Leite, Hugo Fernandes, Meiry Fernanda Pinto Okuno, Maria Rita Bertolozzi, Tânia Maria Ribeiro Monteiro de Figueiredo, Roxana Isabel Cardozo Gonzales, and et al. 2024. "Primary Health Care and Tuberculosis Detection during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crucial Actions for Intensifying Efforts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 5: 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050540